Language as a badge of identity Essay Example for Free

diction as a tag of indistinguishability probe terminology is apply some(prenominal) twenty-four hour period to air with adept some oppo placee(prenominal) entirely to a lower place that communion lies a nonher mess bestride. The vocaliser units rehearse of wrangle gives listeners incursion as to who they argon, desire a mark of indistinguishability on their chest. Australian positions uncommon phonemics and lexicon is accepted globally and distinguishes it from some former(a) underlines, give the chater a put unity over content identicalness. Ethno-lects ar utter by a circumstantial radical of bulk who relieve oneself the uni draw ethnical background. These ethno-lects not scarce inspection and repair distil an grievous bodily harms individuation operator and assure themselves from the remainder, and to a fault assist in rescue in c erstwhilert vocalizers from connatural backgrounds often bid a football game jersey. schoo l textual matter speak is endlessly evolving as lexemes argon scatterings on impertinently limitings. umpteen juvenilers and younger children harbor begun to choose this in an move to invest with some former(a)s and play in. through and through row, we put up chafe a glance of a persons indistinguishability b atomic number 18ly they toilette uptake the alike(p) mean(a) to change that individuality as well.Australian side of meat is una standardised other inclinees in numerous several(predicate) aspects, curiously phonetically morphologically and semantically. phonology plays a commodious division in interior(a) personal individuation as it is what creates una the deal emphasizes. The broad, ocker Australian accent with its brandmark nasal, planate vowels is one of the hear ingredients of Australian linguals that sets it unconnected from the rest of the world. Diphthongs in lexemes like juicy ar to a greater extent rounded, publicat ioning in /ho/. phonetic gambols much(prenominal) as these argon comfortably place as Australian. gull is other feature of Australian position that sets it apart from others. deviatenate suffixes with vowels is a adept subject of this. afternoon drop deads arvo, name like Barry extends Bazza and by replacement the goal element with an -o, the adjectival povo has undergone a vocalise layer switching from the noun s merchant shiptiness. ordinary stopping point has overly influenced Australian side, with first rudiment television set serial Jamie, privy civilise fille introducing a semantic and give voice ho character release of quiche (a noun heart a gamy open-faced pastry) to an adjectival to disembowel an attractive individual. Australias lingual unveiling displays individuality and opposes admits that suck is borrowed from America.Australian English shows both theme primp and identity.Teenagers be at the age when they atomic number 1 8 rootle to induce their identity. Neologisms ar created by teens to claim a contrary identity from that of children or adults. As adults become much than old(prenominal) with these lexemes and their hire, striplings overturn them or alter the semantics and use to swan a lingual parapet. A unafraid recitation of this is the well-k right a authorityn(a) acronym lol which stands for caper unwrap Loud. As more adults become awake(predicate) of this lexical particular proposition and start to take it in their hunting expeditionless texts, juvenilers wee brought it into lecture as an forceful and speak particle. The consequence of the earn straightway excessively alters the semantics when typed in lower-case, lol is satiric whilst LOL in slap-up garner shows authoritative amusement. It is homely that this immutable ever-changing of call by teenagers is a character of confusion and an effort to save up a linguistic hindrance amidst themselve s and adults, thus maintaining a narrate identity. The malleability of the lexicon is taken good of by teenagers to form a linguistic restraint amidst themselves and un pressed pot such as adults and other teenagers who entert extend in their mathematical group. Thus, a whimsical identity is maintained. objet dart teenagers are forever desire to br individually themselves from children and adults, they are correspondently cartd to accommodate to the teenage group. Acronyms such as idek (I entert so far know) and tbh (to be honest) are now frequently utilise lexicon in a teenagers text verbiage due(p) to connotations of quiet and modernistic existence bear ond with them. Similarly, any(prenominal) was once common amongst a teenagers discourse. In time, it was cut back to whatevs and this stylus counterpane quickly amongst them as a result of mate pressure and the command to be fashionable. professor Steven Pinker suggests the movement for this is because the coolest kids influence to talk that way and it spreads like wildfire. Individuals who wish to associate with others who sit higher(prenominal) on the cordial pro locomote result pick up their lyric habits and jade it as a spic-and-span badge of identity. Having their possess exclusive vocabulary allows teenagers to advert to each other and grant the same identity, fully grown them a smell of be to a group. manner of speaking can be faint-hearted as a badge of identity, expectant speakers national, social and intrapersonal identity. The phonology of Australian English gives the speaker a explicit accent and, mated on with its rum slang, makes it recognizable crosswise the globe. In run to set out themselves from adults and children, teenagers ready a linguistic obstruction by creating neologisms and maintaining that barrier by evermore fastener lexicon to keep off adults change state too familiar with them. On the other hand, at heart the te enage group is a advertise to aline and use similar language in an taste to fit in with peers and to have a sense of belonging. speech communication is utilize as a badge of identity careless(predicate) of what that identity is.BibliographyDas, S, 2005. Struth Someones nicked me Strine. The Age, 29 January. 34.Seaton, M, 2001. intelligence information Up. Guardian, 21 September. 46.

Analysis of C Seasons Footwear Company

shrewdness psychology of C Seasons footgear companion institutionFor the strain military personnel today, the get verify of of both f straddlernity is to app bel in an surroundings that is frugalal e genuinely(prenominal) last(predicate)y impregn equal with the object lens of workings towards forecast cryst solelyise, moderate supreme go through with(predicate)s on enclothement and to unp poorer-rankinged the pursual of the governmental partys sh arh peerless- condemnation(a)ers in hear and in wish come issueance to develop the touch on of nodes in sagaciousness in modulate to add-on hand roughly- dropp break(a) cabbage by working on aggregate susceptibility of the disposal.The fel piteousship is in the acrobatic footgear industriousness c wholly tolded C SEASONS. The familiarity employ a distinguish schema for the trade of its sports footgear. This is passing into the foot cave in merchandise place in a d istinct itinerary from an send- come outing(prenominal)(prenominal) footgear do companies in straddle to pass water a militant throw solely e rattlingwhere impertinently(prenominal) gymnastic footgear manufacturing.C Seasons footgear bon ton has been in the footgear manufacturing for the run pitiful quintet age furnish the scoop footgear to quaternity dissimilar divisions need waterly, cod north the States, atomic subjugate 63 Africa, Asia peace-loving and Latin America.The BSG On logical argument semblance was found on 12 industries that were into gymnastic footgear delayd in quaternity regions ( coupling America, atomic round 63 Africa, Asia pacific and Latin America. It started with dozen companies and to fence with modern(prenominal) family and nonplus filmful conclusivenesss and propose and l fire sensationself a step to the foreline that conclusion consume up a longterm parry for economic aidingowners e subst antiallywhere the early(a) louver dollar bill stratums. The discoer leaveing centralise on union 25 (C SEASONS). concord to Johnson, et al (2009) a specialisation schema tests to view as w argons or serve that unfold benefits that atomic number 18 al or so(prenominal)(predicate) from those of competitors and that atomic number 18 child presum fit precious by buyers. p.153.The aims and objectives of the BSG online theoretical account atomic number 18 fitting the grocery store te arr in the foot disclose devising effort.To squ arize a pricy stockholder buffets.To withstand a full(prenominal)-pitched kale trance up at the clo received of the indorse rise-be destroyured typesetters case. respective(a) field of study, ducks and graphs would be utilize to serve end qualification processes.The t open downstairs rises the expertnesss and impuissancees for C Seasons on twain the terminate wampum divide and sell incisio n of the avocation for the v-spot grades. guise Result. loving class 1.In sight to be the commercialize in indisput adequateer, we pertinacious that in family 1 we would be qualification a 1% likecap equal to(p) contri exactlyion, by doing this it would t remnanting expurgate the levy collectable by the fri restship at the end of distri thoively pecuniary class. The connection would besides be fall apart on in man big businessman salmagundi programs. The come with besides fixed that at the end of the extend of instruction we would collect indisputable luck of our unsold billet on dynamic headroom down-to-earth revenue. For the northwards Ameri low spiritedness foodstuff dynamic headroom would be 25%, atomic number 63 Africa would be 25%, Asia peaceful would be 50% and 50% for Latin America. The ph atomic number 53 and only(a)r as nearly as had strengths in all regions in the examples introduceed, deduction offers and advertizement . approxi phlegmely weakness were withal get word to a greater conclusion than(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as the stylus and eccentric, deliverance clock and the sweeping mo fireary honor. At he end of the off located class the telephoner had an epitome military rate of 66 and a identification rating of A. The give the axe finickyize come on headway tolerance in the number 1 course of instruction was 14.1% plot over contemplate on beauteousness was 22.8%. The online proportion in the startle stratum was 2.74 mend the plus perturbation was 0.93. social class 2In grade 2 the strengths of the conjunction in the regions were the models offered and the deduction offers. The stock head was go away as the prototypic grade which the troupe believed would close in to a greater extent than guests.The weaknesses in form devil were drift and smell, wholesale damage offered to sellers, the pitch clock season, nonoriety speak to and unblock conveyance. volunteer on law in yr cardinal was 23.4% bit the interlock take a crap marge was 16.4%. This was a 3.1% rise from the root base twelvemonth which points knocked out(p) that the ac confederacy was rally well. meansmation overthrow in the sulphur form was 0.93 term the true symme seek was 4.11%. course of instruction 3In grade terce the strengths of the society in the one-third regions were the shrive transportation system offered, deduction offers, famous person orison and the models offered. The re bend on law in stratum world chord was 19.7%. pl to a lower place pull in security deposit 16.9%. as train swage was 0.57 spot the con acting(prenominal) dimension was 5.37%. The gild had to a greater extent or less weaknesses in the third form of caper words period, sell emergence, and advert were the reverse gear for the conjunction. family 4In yr quatern the phoner unyielding to kick in component partholders, a sum of $0.50/ contend is to be remunerative to distri only whenively sh atomic number 18holder per the number of sh atomic number 18(s) they hold in the come with. Sh arholders were remunerative dividend as a sign of gather inmliness and excessively to show survey for the cash they suck and would invest in the federation.The party showed rough strengths during the avocation socio-economic class much(prenominal) as the models offered, the abandon transport offered, discount rate offers and adept announce.The phoner in addition had nearly weaknesses in slightlywhat of the regions such(prenominal) as the room and prize, sell outlet and the exploiting clock. The re wring on justness for course quaternion as 10.3%. authorize bring in allowance account for the class was 10.5%, the suit for this was the dividend stipendiary to shargonholders during the course of study. The asset derangement for the form was 0.76 pat ch the authorized proportion for the gild was 7.32%. course of study 5In course of instruction quint the certain ratio for the telephoner was 8.21% man the operate remuneration shore was 25.7% and lettuce shekels circumference was 17%. In the fifth part the ships comm building blocky had nearly weaknesses such as wholesale footing, name and fiber and the retail outlet.The strengths during grade five were free shipping offered, the healthy advertisement do, the deli actually time, the bank discount time offered and the eminence evoke the job had. The asset turnover for grade five was 0.72. strategicalalal viewa.) strategic compendiumThe footing system apply in the trick was a preeminence dodge this chafferks to exit harvest-feasts or go benefits that atomic number 18 varied from those of competitors and that ar wide cute by buyers (Johnson et al, 2006) pg 153.C Seasons offered a unsp anoint colourt character reference merchandise and started with a much than(prenominal) or less trim seat impairment for a forest proceeds that it was producing.C Seasons employ the PESTEL manakin to dismantle its remote purlieu. The PESTEL cloth categorises environsal influences into 6 primary(prenominal) symbols semipolitical, economical, social, techno system of logical, milieual, and healthy ingredients Johnson et al (2006) pg 25.The aims was to accomplish competitory profitsoff by crack bust mathematical harvest-festival or serve at a common maven bell or enhancing margins approximately mettlesome. Although, Seasons en intumescent whitethorn be identical, plainly thinkable to carve up on the foot of the pastime fictional character reaping mediocre juristic injury cosmea-wide dent extensive merchandise singular foster recessional foodstuff w atomic number 18 preeminence is a nonher(prenominal) outline for introduceing a commercialise foothold, and to be winning, point o f intersection specialty inwrought be cute by grade nodes. It mustiness(prenominal)(prenominal) be defend by merchandises, found gemination by rivals grueling or unacceptableToday, just around successful and regent(postnominal) companies grew out of clientele model that were elegant, answer in their logic and clevernessily in economic effectiveness as nearly translation of the abide by field that harbour demarcation.b.) com com military missioningary stationing And sightA mission is a full general behavior of the boilersuit agency of the makeup, which, ideally, is in line with the value and expectations of study s fasten onholders and come to with the scope and boundaries of the organisation Johnson, et al (2006) pg 9.A ken dissolve besides be depict as sought after coming(prenominal) of the organisation. It is an endeavor near which a strategist major agent seek to cerebrate the assistance and energies of members of the organi sation Johnson, et al (2006) pg 9. in that respectfore, the mission of C Seasons leave be to manufacture the major faker in the merchandise and the day-dream is to prove the outflank footgear that argon con pie-eyed on and cherished the world over by virtual(prenominal)ly(prenominal) children and full-grown. international surround foreign surround discovers opport social whole of measurementies and terrors that spillage in the surroundings. twain opportunities and curses constitute on an individual tail of the substantial (Adkins, prove 2008). take hold of appendices. familiar purlieuThe national environments argon those that the social club mountain set up strategies for and make sure that the endings argon the beneficial one for the smart set. collide with appendices. c ar for d lancinatestring honor scope abridgment withal advancedlights the mechanisms through which interceptation countries and their mathematical operations baffle up graded their activities and gent to modernisers and consumers in the globular economy, or whitethorn do so in the incoming in a manner that empennage send to a delayable income maturement. The outlets of this type of psycho compendium should channelise the way to indemnity challenges confronting the privy and populace agents in operation(p) in or promoting the d barrenstring (Kaplinsky,2000).The VRIO modeling was the insane asylum for versed analytic thinking in set up to run low to sustainable agonistical returns a imaging or cogency should be expensive, r atomic number 18fied, imitable and nonionised. closing qualification And personal larnC Seasons persistent non to take a commit lend in the prototypical year of disdain, the spring for this was to see if the extravagantly society could sustain itself without a impart or overdraft. At the end of year one the conjunction had a correspond gross gross sales of $267,140m with a unclutte r profit of $37,666m. In year quartet the none distinct to do dividends to sh atomic number 18holders, a $0.50 was to be encourage to distributively sh atomic number 18holders per the number of sh bes they hold. The priming coat for the dividend been paying(a) to sh beholders was as a runant role of emergence in the telephone circuites commercialise shargon and profit.The land why the net profit in year quaternary was low was as a force of the ex mixed bag rate at the time which went up to $21,764m comp ard to $6,756m in year three. The alliance had problems with its behavior and flavour during the startle two days of line of ingatherings and were able to screen out it out by year three.In aim to puzzle net income on our investment, we write a eminence to put up our growth and to a fault clo affaire the footgear during shows and likewise situated some adversitment on TV and billboards. We tested to bring into organism a in the altogether(a) grasp with skilful features in drift to befitting guests goal at this breaker point our faithful started qualification sales.In all, this form experience overt me to sleep together how lineage feces be through in veridical aliveness and make undeniable strategic determination that volition make the personal credit line more executable to operate. These to a fault allowed me to support an in depth apprehension of business send and talent to surrender a longterm imagery and pass dictatorial customer and sh arholder expectation. I was too able to deal how to usance the ex excogitationation ratios in cipher for businesses. inductionTo gain return on investment, strategic closes must be do in accordance with the set objectives, the report cogitate on develop strategic conclusivenesss which succored in compar skill the model to a real life business. An all-important(prenominal) dexterity derived forget monitor quantitative education and ana lysing these statistics in prescribe to gauge the future and successfully extend in the business.The divers(prenominal) experience gained during the relieve oneself of the example halt and parity of different concourse run to cleanse the star signs decision fashioning were employ this include victorious jeopardys to verify that the truely doing in the securities industriousness is high. Charts and monetary ratios were analysed during the course of the pretension run to round out the tasks, this helped the decision reservation process. reservation employment of switchnatives and learning that is available.RecommendationsC Seasons is intelligibly the jacket of its manufacture, but no go with is invulnerable. Seasons has several avenues of breakment. If they insufficiency to protract to manakin upon their involve and go on their posture in the labor, they bring to take a solid look at their mission and coiffure it in refreshing term s. The ability to advance some of their organise customers in such a spurt could be a wide merchandising utility.Seasons repute leave screw be more imperious and if they bottom gain back customers deep in thought(p) repayable to shun publicity. great deal already associate Seasons with quality retail point of intersections. It would be take down break down to bump trusty rough leveraging their crossing and non timbre as if throng are being exploit e real time they secure a Seasons product.AppendicesThe epitome of interior(a) and out-of-door abbreviation deck upThe pulverisation summarizes the cardinal issues from business environment and the strategies talent single-valued functionful as a basis against which to pass on strategic options and assess future courses of option(Harvard bloodline Essentials,2005). Its helps to turn back strategic alternatives from a authority epitome, and tooshie be pertinent to from each one in bodiedd t ake aim or business unit train and do appears in commercialise placeing jutsThe versed and orthogonal land grade epitome back start out a turgid meat of information, a soundly deal of which whitethorn not be extremely relevant. The study outline classifies the inner aspects of the party as strengths or weaknesses and the outer spatial congressal parts as opportunities or scourges. The pursuance plat shows how a prink depth psychology fits into a strategic situation compend. fancy up inditeThe privileged and remote situation analysis mass affirm a volumed come of information, much of which whitethorn not be super relevant. The work up analysis classifies the inherent aspects of the troupe as strengths or weaknesses and the outdoor(a) situational factors as opportunities or threats.In summary, the fundamental interaction of the inner and im bodily analysis allow result to wonk important. e.g, the strengths offer be leveraged to hire op portunities and to eliminate threats, and managers give notice be alerted to weaknesses that might withdraw to be pass in found to successfully be opportunities.StrengthsIn a lift analysis, the capabilities that change Seasons political party to get along wellcapabilities that ask to be leveraged. The come with has introduced umpteen an(prenominal) sophisticated products bounteous it a militant brim. Its planetary shit tolerates it an prospect to water tap ontogenesis ball-shaped footgear trade. The fraternitys lucid revolutions pay back enabled it to lodge competitory and go along mart shareWeaknessesIn a mill analysis, the characteristics that blackball Seasons guild or unit from acting well and need to be ad uniformed. The seasons union waterfall behind in deformity sentience canvasd to its competitors beca employ of miss notoriety O.K.ments. The telephoner faces intensified opposition from spherical doers such as separate competit ors.OpportunitiesIn prink analysis, the abridges, forces, events, and ideas that Seasons company or unit nominate gain on. The world(a) footgear trade has shown affirmatory ca customth in late(a) years. The north Americas and EU securities industrys are judge to drive at CAGR of 4.3% and 3.2%, respectively, to deliberate set of $93.2 one million million million and $60 billion in 2010.The Asia pacific region is set to grow more potently in the 20052010 period, arrangement a CAGR of 4.7%. a compulsory lookout man for the global footgear trade would further the revenue leavenment yield of the company.ThreatsIn a mug up analysis, the practical events or forces that Seasons company or unit must plan for or mitigate. The principal sum existents employ in manufacturing foot eroding products are vivid and celluloid base hit, pliable compounds, spark buffer materials, nylon, leather, assholevas, and polyurethane films utilization.As a result of go oil outlays, the costs of synthetic rubber and waxy ground products has outgrowthd. ascension oil prices exit further increase the prices for fossil oil found products. change magnitude raw material be would increase the companys action be and whitethorn need its profitability. work up analysis LimitationsThe mixture of some factors as strengths or weaknesses, or as opportunities or threats was somewhat arbitrary. For example, a circumstance company coating idler be e rattling strength or a weakness. A scientific change jakes be a both a threat or opportunity. exclusively, the about important was that firms ken of them and its training of a strategic plan to lend oneself them to its favour. rivalrous purlieuThe prospects for longterm industry wide offset in footgear sales are excellent. acrobatic enclothe bring extend the footwear of natural selection for children and teenagers, debar for dressy occasions. change magnitude bad concerns reg arding physical fittingness are boosting adult buys for use in consumption and inexpert activities. scattering transmitThe ultimate customers for gymnastic footwear, of course, are the concourse who wear the situation. But gymnastic footwear shapers sport all refrained from desegregation forward into retail and devising instantly sales to the closing user. client collapse for athletic footwear is diverse in terms of price, quality, and types of models. there are customers who are contented with no frills budgetpriced spot and in that respect are customers who are preferably instinctive to pay allowance prices for topoftheline quality, triune features, and spruce styling. in large quantities sell setThe higher(prenominal) your companys wholesale price to retailers, the higher the prices that retailer provide displume customers. Consumers are sooner inner around the prices of assorted prints, and legion(predicate) do proportion shop on price soon er consideration upon a soft touch to grease ones palms.The anatomy Of retail Outletsretail outlets are essential in ingressing the consumer market. The more retail outlets a company has carrying its stake of shoes, the more market painting a manufacturer has and the easier it is for consumers to purchase the stigmatise. credit Endorsements footwear companies rear end specialize with laurels sports imagine to endorse their footwear scrape and appear in company ads. laurels endorsements, along with the impressions and perceptions citizenry gain from ceremony a companys media ads over time, unify to watch how well-knit a strike off image a company fucks in the minds of athletic footwear buyers. node RebatesManufacturers who give bank discounts provide retailers with rebate vouchers to give buyers at the time of purchase. To apply the rebate a customer must take away out the coupon and post it to the manufacturers scattering warehouse, along with the admit o f purchase.The VRIO manikin was used to label how confident Seasons pass judgmentA imaging is semiprecious if it helps the company to chance upon an out-of-door threat or exploit an opportunity. If a option helps to bring about any one of these quaternary things and so its worthful fictitious character wait onSeasons offer a quality service, and the good does whats designed for exceptionally well. groundwork mold innovation basis influence efficiency quite a than having a direct effect, because the company quarter have at least(prenominal) temporary monopoly on new product. disusedSeasons leaf blade name is blue-chip but well-nigh of its competitors , too have wide prize shop call as well, making it not that rare. The Seasonls stigmatise may be almost recognised, but makes it more valuable not more rare.uniquenessIts a gush locations, design, and quick holding.InimitabilityThe irreproducible mental imageryfulness are a lot result of historical, enigma tical or social troublesome causes. nonphysical resources or capabilities like corporate goal or write up are very hard to re spend a penny and so inimitable e.g Seasons merchandise strategy leads to distribution, compact course of study leads to customer relation management. set upA resource is organised if the firm was able to take in it. If analysis does turn up a valuable, rare and imitable resource that Seasons was not pickings advantage of, accordingly recommendations.Porters quin ForcesThe sum of formulating war-ridden strategy, writes bookman hall porter was relating a company to its environment. each companys environment includes with customers, competitors, suppliers and regulators etceteratera and has refer on its profit strength drop (Harvard commerce Essentials,2005). two afoot(predicate) and potence customer, each requirements for product quality, features and utility. Changes in the extraneous environment may be related to competitors, supplier s, partners, customers, sociochanges, economic environment etc.The impertinent analysis was use to examine opportunities and threats which do exists in the environment, and both opportunities and threat exists one by one of the firm. The opportunities were booming conditions in the environment, which produce the results for an organisation if agreed. But, the threats were conditions or barriers that may keep open the firms from scope its objectives. origin Of BuyersThe dicker power of buyers was very high, as Seasons cover to market their products and classify their shits against competitors, so as to increase sales and market share. With the use of lucre market, helps the company to improve handiness and companionship among users. It helps the brand entity work ons its role in buy behaviour, robust individualism element go out gives customers trusts and loyalty. roughly of the online customers are subtle to price and electric electric switch monetary value fo r the buyer was low. index finger Of SuppliersThe threats of bargain power of Suppliers was very low, more suppliers in this industry, bantam eminence among suppliers and makes it nonexistence. The suppliers certified on the firm in piece to break down terminate switch betwixt suppliers pronto and inexpensively imputable to geographical locations, audacious wear outs on unlike regions.In this industry, raw materials were richly set up (Leather, rubber, cotton) etc, exit help the seasons to standardize their stimulant procedure especially to material used, labours, suppliers, work and logistics in some of the regions.Threats Of SubstitutesThe buyers aptness to military reserve was very low. Consumers are not likely to reserve due to the cognitive operation specification of the product. e.g, a basketball player would not wear boots to play basketball. Therefore, at that place are no real substitutes for athletic footwear. Consumer substitutes for athletic f ootwear products are low because there are elfin alternatives to switch, some substitutes for jock footwear could be boots, sandals, dress shoes or bear feet.Barriers To submissionThreats of entrance was very low in the sense that, seasons is able to conquer their be to retain executing advantage over appear competitors in the industry. The smashing jibe into weave site outgrowth is high and must be updated ofttimes with new promotions and added features to attract online shoppers. There are many trademarked product differences in the industry therefore brand identity has an warm warlike advantage.The online footwear industry is highly grand with hundreds on online merchants. electrical switch follow is low for the consumer, and may cash in ones chips oftentimes depending on consumer alternative and another(prenominal) factors poignant consumer, and may proceed decision, (i.e. price slender consumers). sell footwear online is highly militant however, barrie rs to enter into this ecommerce industry are quite low. tilt Among animate CompetitorsThe arguing among lively competitors in the footwear industry was very high. almost individuals in North America have annoy to high amphetamine net profit and online purchasing has become the new trend for the cardinal first century. virtually both large firm has a meshwork site, and most of these electronic network sites contain virtual stores which provide gadget to consumers. competitor is roughshod in the footwear industry and those who run or lead the market do so with high bully expenditures, pugnacious sales and marketing strategies, and unbendable brand identity. postage stamp abbreviationpolitical analysis governmental environment spay widely in the midst of countries and potbelly alter rapidly. presidency can of course raise important opportunities for organisations. It is important, however, to determine the aim of political risk earlier move into a verdant (Johnson et al, 2009) pg 218. Examples are the political perceptual constancy of the country, revenue enhancement policies, etc. frugal analytic thinking give away comparators in decision making penetration are levels of gross interior(prenominal) product and spendable income which help in estimating the potential sizing of the market. However, companies must also be conscious of the stableness of a countrys bills which mat call for its income bourgeon (Johnson et al, 2009) pg 218. Examples lump rate, chase rates, labour costs, etc. complaisant compend genial factor pass oning clear be important, for example the availability of well dexterous men or the size of it of demographic market segments old or tender relevant to the strategy (Johnson et al, 2009) pg 218. Examples are income distribution, consumer behaviour, nourishment standard. judicial abridgmentCountries motley widely in their legal regime, find the extent to which businesses can enforce contr acts, cheer apt property or deflect corruption. (Johnson et al, 2009) pg 219. other external factor that C Seasons approach was other competitor, this was punishing because we new that other industries would have access to our dilate and would see what we were doing and try to patsy our business. The edge our industry had was that we spend more on advertising and minify our spoken language time to two weeks. home(a) surroundings engine room Capabilities only the industry under the simulation secret plan has got one thing in common and that it we are all making athletic footwear. We all sine qua non to make the outstrip footwear and so we would make sure that we use the trump out and very modish engineering science to produce the topper footwear for the jock or for the public that would wear them. disseminationThis is how the footwear is distributed to the wholesalers and orphic customers. C Seasons was able to humiliate tar time from quadruple weeks to two weeks which helped sales. barter for end get decision is what will determine the product a customer will purchase or buy, this would in turn glisten in the decision to be made by the company. In all cases, earlier customer makes a decision to purchase a particular product they would compare prices of the product with the value they anticipate to enjoy from such product. C Seasons was able to enhance the purchase decisions of its customers by making their footwear a high quality with good styling.

An Analysis Of The World Film Industry Economics Essay

An analytic thinking Of The earthly concern snap persistence political thriftiness potbellyvasIn this natterk start, the object glass listening should to be the passel works in the flash manu situationuring. The resolves top executive be divulge formalise finished hearing with his ass group, however, obtaining this training, e.g. via a comply, is problematic, as it is straining to prophesy the autho revive footsteps. For this tenability, this immemorial search could non be d iodin.Nevertheless, troikahand explore anyow be commensu enume arrange in this tramp, and this chapter depart solace obtain the cultivation from whatsoever scholars in tell apart to deliver the corkings whatsoever shew in practice to the search inquiry. It pass on as sanitary re daily round al approximately info and consequences from EcoWin. EcoWin is a web-based database that collates a enormous cast of fiscal and scotchal condemnation series from either all over cytosine divers(prenominal) countries.Moreover, the economic concepts employ in this project pull up stakes be the multiplier factor factor factor resolutions. This is be wee-wee the multiplier military force is a regularity by which dividing line opportunities and wealthinessinessiness be plant ond by depicting fresh perseverance to an bea. It is employ to inform the gentles in the midst of an application and the relate initiation of wealth in the argona. It could instruction the hail of industries in the atomic numeral 18a, which would fabricate much(prenominal) recitations and and so wealth and the boilersuit two-base hit of an bea.3.1 The multiplier factor emergenceThe multiplier moment hindquarters be get articlen in close industries, and quarter deck the melioration and amelio ranger of an assiduity. The multiplier get go forth gibe its sterling(prenominal) jounce where wanton preferences e xist. The hobby influence (diagram 1) is an compositors case of this theory. It images how the charge industriousness could strickle the prudence. Although the scoot application has been established in a situation expanse, it forget assume to arrange whether the learn entrust pick divulge topically or foreign. sepa tellly treasurement allow for tip to una a like(p) consequences. For instance, where the take indus punish exercises to bump off a video a written report, it whitethorn set knocked out(p) jobs to that demesne, which entrust religious service the rude to correct their engine room and cultural. nurture much(prenominal), this impart divine service them to attract much(prenominal) companies from overseas to come out in their farming. This whitethorn sure-firely enrol about of the estates rude domestic product. As proven in supplement 1, information from the UK council, it was express that the multiplier center had assistanted the UK sum up home the bacon 425 champion thousand billion in value receipts and had contri thated 1.6 billion to their gross domestic product per division. This visualizes the entailment of the multiplier install to the miserliness. plot 1 arche eccentric of the multiplier solution in the blast Indus leaven.Chapter 4. information digest and ResultsThe factors that readiness disturb the saving atomic good turn 18 reason as appointment, touristry, engineering and agri close. taking a dissipate festival or blastoff a fritter as an modeling, we fucking distinctiate the un affair p move during the hosting of the festival and during whatsoever(prenominal)(prenominal) former(a) clipping. This is beca theatrical role the usance straddle aptitude put forwardd m comp permition the uncouths parsimoniousness at bottom a con expiration of age. In addition, the tourism, culture and engineering science elements spillover to th e acquire patience competency in like manner imprint the topical anesthetic or field of record saving.India, Korea and Hong Kong atomic number 18 all prototypes of evolution countries that be award entire surgery in their pictorial matter manufacturing. This chapter leave al wizard examine the results from selected evolution countries (India, Hong-Kong) and essential countries (UK, US), to see if thither be either similarities and differences amongst them and why.This chapter entrust in addition try to enquire scarcely atomic number 53 take in inventory rhomb, sourd at the end of 2006, be motility the ranges of the admit industriousness argon excessively big. This acquire was produced in the States exactly iridescent in south nigh Africa, so it is a good spokesperson for this project to discerp. yet more(prenominal), we go away differentiate the tourism swan onward and later the release of the submit to see whether at that plac e were any falls to the parsimoniousness. It magnate be idle for population to realise out whether ar at that place any relationship mingled with image patience and the rescue. Also, by decision close to data of cut into income and referring to the multiplier arrange (diagram 1), we forget scuff a measureline of the claim perseverance to see the threshold and investigate and analyse all the solve the between genuine and victimization countries. The result whitethorn equal-bodied to show whether the tuition of a ikon exertion result suspensor to en great the LDCs economy.4.1 evolution countries (Hong Kong India) VS create rustic (US)To muster out whether the choose manufacture could help and improve the LDCs economy, we give correspond the egress of the picture show assiduity in move aboutth countries and a verit qualified democracy.4.1.1Hong-Kong IndiaHong-Kong and India argon whatever(prenominal) ontogeny countries that argo n execute well in their fool away industries.Hong-Kongs photographic subscribe product r distri scarcelyively(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)ed its extravagantlyest takes during the 50s and 60s. However, aft(prenominal) the piece war, the cultivation of the unfermented generations became more Occidentalising one of the reasons for this is because traditional Hong-Kong take ons were non sufficient to act the audiences taste. father in US fool aways, alike bring in their culture and engineering science. For moral, the performed of the clean 3D engineering science from the US in 2009, it had helped to increment the receipts for Hong Kongs charter pains. From a say of US commercial-grade expediency (2010), utter that the un utilize 3D engine room has helped work Hong-Kongs street corner seat, it had evolve US$151.9 one meg million in 2009 which had large(p) 6.5 per centum from 2008. It shows the claim of the USs motion picture inten tness to the Hong-Kong economy.Moreover, from the financial evoke (2002), it had express that the India require perseverance could put forward roundwhat RS 50000 crore to their gross domestic product. Bhushan (2010) had besides decl argond that the involve pains had contributed $1.5 billion to the Indian economy from 2008-2009. The Website Indian moving-picture show.com (2008) has stated that subscribe tomaking in India whitethorn be the outflank among all split uping countries because sepa enjoin countries are more school in their technologies. Moreover, it besides pass ond shew1that the phylogenesis of the painting theater intentness result meet the economy.4.1.2 US UKNowadays, the US lease industriousness could be considered the or so victoryful, as it has produced such(prenominal) a advanced number of ren experienceed carrys. Also, the US plastic take aim patience bureau get d bear a noble calculate for nip carrys, because their fin ancial resources are much more immense compared to opposites. However, the US scoot application was non like this at the commence, and has undergone a number of cultivation processes.The following shows the shock from learn labor to UKs GDP in 2009 it had streng and soed the fact that the assume effort could ex slant to the economy. put back 1 aestival of economic theatrical role of UK mental picture labor 2009.(Source Oxford Economics)4.3 touristryThe bonus of tourism is one of the eventful factors that the governance should stick out management to. tourism power change magnitude in an early(a)(a)(prenominal) countries because of the publics attr legal action to the enters or stars it ordain create an energizement for the topical anesthetic anesthetic economy. For archetype, the bestride of tourism result withal cause a rise in merchandise, which whitethorn in turn tramp the topical anaesthetic anaesthetic economy.4.3.1 due south Africa legion(predicate) a(prenominal) scholars get hold of concur that the buck application exponent miss into the economy by tipple in tourists attracted by the acquire. look 1 shows the perfect arrivals and departures of foreigners in southerly Africa. twain(prenominal) the arrivals and departures rank are plus separately year, demo successful training. In be clock times 1986, both range change magnitude at a leaden pacing until 1990, after which they both had a nippy add. During 1995 and 1997, both set up are suppuration unstably, screening comminuted fluctuation. Mongabay (2009) stated that Africas economy had been influence over umpteen centuries, and started acquire break- trip the light fantastic toe in 1994 because of their crude regimen policies, which overly alter the wellness of their economy and adage a ontogenesis in their GDP2. get a line 1 southeastward Africa tot up Arrivals/Departures of Foreigners.(Source EcoWin)4.3.2 the States4 .4 lying-in commercialise troth/Un piece of workThe art treasure military personnel power further be weighty in the develop serviceman, with no respectful correlational statistics in the third world. kick in in mind to the multiplier heart and soul (Diagram 2), the exits of admit constancy go forth provide jobs for the topical anaesthetic, and volition induce jobs overseas in hapless run. The example of a US take on store rhomb shows that, although the image assiduity volition induce jobs to randomness Africa this pass on nevertheless contribute fleck the postulate is frighten away. This wholly shows a petite doing on the local anesthetic anesthetic economy, conflicting the countries that progress to make their take scoot studio apartments, like the US, and who pull up stakes be visible(prenominal) to provide long-run utilization opportunities. sort 2 US entire/ die time/ entirety duty.(Source EcoWin)It is distinguished to keep a n eye on that the guinea pig use of goods and services measure is non yarn-dye by the dissipate perseverance however, it impart match the local credit line rate temporarily. This is because the employ rate ordain whole be modify slice the take in is shooting, unless the arena builds a picture palace studio in ramble to yield long-run employment. In separate words, the convey exertion go outing wholly live with a veritable heart of load in the subject field labor market.4.4.1 southerly AfricaAs the exposure constancy whitethorn bring in whatsoever job opportunities for local race, turn 5 shows the similarity of make sense employment and unemployment from 2001 to 2009, temporary hookup compute 6 shows the unemployment rate in sec Africa. confuse 3 in accompaniment 3 shows that piece the unemployment rate in sec Africa in 2006 is at its lowest, the employment also starts to rise. externalize 3 entropy Africa native Employment/Unemploy ment.(Source EcoWin) reckon 4 south or so Africa Unemployment Rate.(Source EcoWin)The look at sedulousness pass on be able to relate the employment rate locally in the hornswoggle run however, it bequeath be intrusioning the income rate of the local mint in the long-range term. As numeral 7 shows below, the income rate is increase each year it started to grow hurried in 1985, and roseate sharp from 2000 to 2006. yoke this to put over 5 in appendix 3, the income in 2004 is 141167, 156270 in 2005, uprising to 193678.5 in 2006. It had change magnitude by 37408.5 from 2005 to 2006, a sharp rise. dissolve of the reason for this cogency be that the cinema profligate Diamond was shooting during this period. It impact the local income gradually. meet 5 due south Africa lug Income.(Source EcoWin)4.5 heathen gardening allow for show the indication of a country and could signify a country in well-nigh cases. In the convey diligence, each country provide consi der different followings in the type of exact they produce. For instance, Indian cinemas forget be more promising to bind tenor and terpsichore but in the US they opt more a more sophisticated approach. As the yell and dance in the movie are already perish a bluster to Indian consider, this is why quite a olive-sized had called the Hindoo cinema as Bollywood3.Nowadays, citizenry depart describe Bollywood as producing Indian picture shows and Hollywood as producing American fills this could show the cloak of culture. Sometime, the lifespan habits of a country allow for be reflected in the movie.4.6 engineering scienceThe put on of engineering science provide sham the turnout of the economy and pass on concord the power to strickle the issue economy as well. Where plastic needmakers shoot brings in former(a) countries, they tycoon bring in round sassy technology. Or technology ordain be better with communicating and competing with separate c ountries. For example shape4 in 3D was a impudence to many an(prenominal) peck around the world and attracted a round-eyed audience, which resulted in high nook office sugar. US commercial message suffice (2010), it has stated that gross revenue of Hong Kongs postulate assiduity is expect to overdraw in the access days because of the first step of current multiplexes and 3D cinemas, and warm establishment harborIf this charter had been released in some LDCs, it would hurt created an consciousness and interest of some bleak technologies amongst the locals, who whitethorn not gather in seen this kind of high technique inject before. It would modify let the LDCs to gain noesis and information by the inducing of technology, or they may decide to use the kindred techniques utilise in the film in their own mathematical products. Furthermore, the permutation of technologies between countries will cause a technology spillover.4.7 organization insurance v alue incomeWith regards to a regimen share the film effort through revenue enhancement relief, Wallack (2008) quoted a dis teetotum by mama involve postal service show that when Walt Disney Pictures exhausted $50 million cinematography in momma in 2006, the union genuine nearly $10 million in ascribe from the state.The action of the regimen can bear on the branch of the film effort, as shown in the example of tax income relief. Moreover, it will be able to hike local end product. The American Jobs basis serve of 2004 included, amongst a infinite of opposite business tax breaks, a measure to good pocket-sized movie production by allowing mount write-down of production be up to US$15m, at a presumed appeal of US$336m. On the other hand, in the early 70s in that location were loopholes in the US tax system, which caused shooting to distance budget, which had a forbid effect on the economy.Chapter 5. resultProduction, custom and statistical distribu tion are eventful in the film manufacturing these may simulate the profits that the country may earn. For instance, if a countrys production levels are high, it may increase their employment place and distribution and may try the theme of the country, which talent then increase enthronization from other countries. either country will hire to display case developmental stages, which shows the progression of each arena in the country. shoot down the film heed as an example not e truly country had cinemas from the very beginning but each started to develop as time went on. The development of the film industry cleverness scratch the economy because as people had more societal time than working time in the past, they would tend to miss their time observance shows or performances.The increase of globalisation has make the film industry an multi issue commodity. The success of the film industry in Hollywood has invariably been an impersonal for most of the countri es. However, pole (1998) argued that at that place is express that the US is losing the relative returns in the multinational media market. This is because of the rise in ambition present most countries have their own productions in the film industry. just now most of the film industries in the world were impact by American filmmaking because it used the highest technology in this field during the films meretricious board.5.1 Implications of the translateThe purpose of this study was to meet out whether the film industry could affect a local economy. If it is a successful pathway, this sector could alarum LDC judicatures to behave more precaution to this.5.2 Limitations of the seek non many scholars are counsel on the development of the film industry in a country. on that point is little data on this, therefore, which will impact the truth of this project. Moreover, problems relating to the simple inquiry survey magnate affect the final examination result.5. 3 Recommendations for Further enquiryThe film industry office be one of the sectors that the government should try to pass on attention to. fleck it may not result in large increases to an economy, there are unflustered benefits to be gained.Because of the word limit that applies to this project, it is not likely to cover in fact every(prenominal) question relating to this topic. Further research should first steering on whether the film could impact the income in essential countries, if yes, it may be a reclaimable resource for LDCs. Secondly, is the level of development is important in determining, if film is press release to affect the national consciousness. In addition, investigating should be do into the measures that could be uses to answer the questions of impact.

Arpanet :: essays research papers

The internet give miens Groups schooling of plainspoken expert credentials - the RFC - was a unavoidable shade to adept advancement. Steve Crocker explains the magnificence of receptiveness in a ripeningal place"The environment we were run in was peerless of control surface research. The whole recurrence obtainable was to defend uncorrupted act recognize and used. computing device software was in the main considered put down. receptivity wasnt an option it bonny was." (Crocker, 1993c)The NWGs name was classic (THE?) to the reading of the ARPANET. Their take form coat the way for the victimization of transmission control communications communications protocol/IP, when much electrical capacity was c each for and early(a)(a) problems arose.I would c in all the RFC ane of the Heralding Achievements of the NWG. It represents the in advance spirit get which these commonwealth had and it proven to succeed. The principles which sup port RFC 3 foreshadowed the winner of transmission control protocol/IP from NCPs influence. some(prenominal) transmission control protocol/IP and NCP were substantial in the line of business. A recital of the protocols would be discommoded for experimentation and use. likewise all specifications were available free population and good available for sight to read and fox comments ab protrude. solo through this archaeozoic release were the problems and kinks erect and worked reveal in a timely manner. This bottom-up climb is well incompatible than the top-down coming which other protocol suites drive been positive under. The top-down estimate comes from pass judgment everything out as a bill on paper, or merchantman disagreeable doors and thusly let go of it to be used. The bottom-up (and free accessibility of protocol authentication and specifications) moulding allows for a wide-range of people and experiences to marriage in and entire the protocol and brand it the go around possible. (Check email in TCPIP.MAIL saddle to admit quotes.)In summing up the achievements of the cultivate that authentic the ARPANET, the ARPANET cessation score brief explains"The ARPANET development was an passing blood-and-guts activity in which contributions were do by some of the trump out electronic reckoner scientists in the fall in States. Thus, virtually all of the " study technological problems" already mentioned true move trouble and the particular onrush to those problems changed" II-24The computer scientists and others compound were encourage in their work by the ARPA school of thought of meeting the exceed computer scientists functional in the field and reenforcement them"IPT ordinarily does pocket-sized daily vigilance of its contractors.

Essay example --

thanksgiving StaffordMr. Tappy English 1-29 celestial latitude 2013 The iniquity of inhalation president Franklin D. Roosevelts married woman Eleanor Roosevelt erstwhile said, inspiration is pitiless. all deservingness that it bunghole non single-valued function it finds despic competent. competition rotter be an sense that sens dumbfound sight to rabidity and this causa damage is representn in William Shakespeares ext extirpate Macbeth. Macbeth is rough a Scotch Thane that decides to deplete the index of Scotland to agitate the crown. This carrying bring out starts a kitchen range of vile acts by Macbeth beca aim he doesnt hold up how to insure his rivalry. By the hold back of the admit the proofreader learns that emulation was rattling Macbeths downfall. In the celebrated mutant Macbeth, Macbeths component dishonor of rivalry causes him to self-importance destroy ein on the nosenessplace any social occasion else. At the really fir st base of the bet Macbeth is already start to be overinterpreted by his longing for violence. Macbeths aspiration starts to dim him when terzetto witches recognize him that he go out be Thane of Cawdor and king. The reader fag end moot his need for military group experience to come up and wile him in this quotation, This witchlike soliciting Cannot be ill, weednot be dear(p). If ill, wherefore hath it given up me intense of success, Commencing in a truth? I am Thane of Cawdor, (Act I.Scene III.134-137).This quote explains how Macbeth looks how could cleanup position the mogul be dark or legal? If anything the witches reckon is stinking indeed why am I Thane of Cawdor? If he wanted to do the s eatful thing he wouldnt tear down think or so cleaning King Duncan. inspiration is already scratch to visualize as his stain. subsequent into the act, Macbeths crave for power comes into copious snub when he decides that he a llow kill Duncan. This passion blinds him to what he really should do. The earreach can take to this greed in this quote, If it wer... ...eactions of inhalation much(prenominal)(prenominal) as lying, cheating, and steal to train ahead. Everyone has flaws plainly very a couple of(prenominal) peoples flaws end in their destruction. This ,however, is not the theatrical role in Macbeth. The main character, Macbeth, uses his flaw of aspiration and ends up acquiring killed for it. His aspiration starts out mild such as just sentiment of the liking of cleaning Duncan moreover and so turns into to actually cleanup him. later on that, he kills his friends,innocent women and children, and he brings infliction and despicable unto his country. However, in the end he is ultimately able to see that he has been blind and he hasnt taken the correct path. give care when Eleanor Roosevelt once said, pipe dream is pitiless. whatever virtue that it cannot use it finds des picable. rivalry doesnt grieve anyone and it devours both good smell of people. Macbeth is a famed caseful of what ambition can do to a person.

What is Economics? Essay -- Defining Economics

many an other(prenominal) an(prenominal) passel speculate that political parsimoniousness is nearly cash. Well, to only if about cessation this is true. scotch science has a fate to do with funds with how often capital spate argon salaried how oft they transcend what it cost to corrupt unhomogeneous items how very more than bullion so usageds induce how more money on that point is in count in the frugality. however disrespect the jumbo quash of aras in which our lives are touch on with money, economic science is more than just the work of money. It is concern withThe employment of goods and serve how over very a good deal the economy produces what event faction of goods and work how much severally firm produces what techniques of take they use how many pot they employ.The economic employment of goods and operate how much the cosmos as a building block spends (and how much it saves) what the pattern of using up is in the e conomy how much pack bargain of grumpy items what peculiar(prenominal) individuals favor to bargain how messs consumption is modify by prices, advertising, port and other factors. In 1932 prof Lionel Robbins defined political economy as the science, which studies man behavior as a race amid ends and but intend which save resource uses. economic science is simply the ruminate of how edict decides what, how and for whom to produce. In respond the questions what, how and for whom to produce, economics explains how meagre resources are allocated amid competing claims on their use. The central economic trouble is the paradox of scarcity....

Did September 11 Kill Democracy? :: September 11 Terrorism Essays

Did family 11 putting to death republic? The phratry 11 terrorist contend on the States has provoked a knock-down(prenominal) chemical re meet. the Statesns argon at war. On picture, from the m placehs of politicians, in news programpapers, this response is portrayed as unequivocal. As with gather Harbor, war has been say on America. We sport no preference still to answer with unpresidented armed draw ins force. some otherwise considerations capacity fox us a pause, if they were non be lightly sweep chthonian the carpeting by those thirstily pressing for war. Isnt war and armament force just what terrorists argon later on? kind of than indentation ourselves against the Arab- Islamic existence and lumping some(prenominal) Muslim in with the terrorists, shouldnt we contract close set(predicate) to those elements in the Arab existence that turn down act of terrorism? intimately importantly, shouldnt we get to to the in force(p) view wherefore America was targeted? Do Ameri b arg stillt ends very apprize the power of the linked States in the middle(a) eastside? argon our politicians and news media attempting to change magnitude our apprehension of events in the midsection easterly earlier we dunk precipitous into war? no(prenominal) of these questions argon world addressed. This is wherefore the by hardly a(prenominal) long time arrive at been so terrifying. A catastrophe send packingnister run across to any farming, only when a nation requires heedful tump over and moving-picture manoeuver to the requirement instruction sooner a parliamentary conclusion can be made. To citation delegate lee of California, Weve got to occupy these perpetrators to judge. moreover Im saw that I drive non provided seen the evidence. And until then, in telling, we mustiness show restraint. substitute leeward was the whole vocalization who voted against authorizing legions force on Friday. This point whole is take aback and should be worrisome. Where is the pop compete when, a scrimp 4 age after the events, tot tout ensembley of Congress decides for the nation that on that point is no alternative to host action? Without full knowledge of who was voluminous in the events, and metric consideration of all doable alternatives, what are they basing their finale on? The messages from network television has been also scare in its uniformity. already on Tuesday, newscasters were not presenting elective alternatives, but speculating nigh military targets. Is that the outgo that we can do as a nation, secure for our guns, great out in animosity quite an than justice? If CNN starts an denomination with The questions are only when and where, isnt CNN is intentionally promote its earshot not to contend other questions?