Britannica online Essay

This is a book proposal that has been created to ensure the children of today are still exposed to the same childhood experiences that we all had years ago. In today’s society we are much more fast paced and immediately are drawn to electronics such as computers, television, movies, ipods, etc†¦ The numbing effect of this constant barrage of information on very young children could lead to a sort of deterioration of values in a small child. Proposed title: Back to the Basics: A Collection of Nursery Rhymes for Today’s Child Introduction: Many of us picked up our own sets of values and morals from what had been passed down to us through tradition. A Nursery Rhyme is a poem or a song, traditionally taught to very young children. Nursery Rhymes in the English language are usually British in origin, dating back to as far as the 16th Century. Aside from the ones imported from England, many Nursery Rhymes also developed in North America (Encyclopedia Britannica online, 2008). These little songs and poems form a sort of symbolic â€Å"backbone† to the continuing cultural and psychological development of the American people and culture. Indeed, at its very core, a Nursery Rhyme is a sort of cultural footprint. While most oral tradition (ex: nursery rhymes) may sound more like nonsense or oversimplified, moralistic tales set to a rhythm and a tune, they carry the symbolic weight of generations past (Bettelheim, 1976). Passed on through tradition and brought alive by the imaginations of the very children who hear them and pass them on, these rhymes bear the values of the culture that created it. For example, Humpty Dumpty’s story reminds us that there are some things that, once broken, can never be mended. In another example, the Itsy Bitsy Spider speaks to us of the value of perseverance. Sometimes, a Nursery Rhyme isn’t just a moral legacy, but a historical one as well: showing us how people lived or worked during the particular time when these rhymes were created. For example, while shepherding may no longer be a common profession, especially in heavily populated urban areas, even children from the inner city are aware that it was once a way of life, thanks to Little Bo Peep and her sheep. Rationale: Nursery Rhymes have been in existence for hundreds of years, but what exactly is the importance in continuing in this tradition? Children are automatically drawn into these stories because of the rhyme, there is rhythm, and they are often about creatures in otherwise unimaginable circumstances, which leads the child’s own imagination to wander. In addition to being an effective vehicle through which a culture propagates and preserves itself, Nursery Rhymes are of particular importance in the development of a young child’s growing language and memory skills. There is a reason that today, even after growing up; we can still remember these little phrases. They have made great impact in our childhood learning schemata and we believe that if they continue to be reintroduced to the children of today, their impact would be highly beneficial. We believe that this book will be a great hit among small children and their parents, and that with the aid of colorful illustrations, this book can be very useful in promoting a child’s mental, psychological, and social development. Methodology: After much deliberation, we decided to limit our selection to the most common and well-loved Nursery Rhymes. We looked through several collections of nursery rhymes, both online and offline, and picked out the ones that occurred the most frequently. Given that we plan to make this book a children’s book, we limited our selection to only four Nursery Rhymes. We chose to do this so that the book could accommodate the illustrations that we hope will be included as visual aids for the children, without being too heavy or cumbersome for even a small child to read and carry. These Nursery Rhymes are as follows: Humpty Dumpty: Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall, Humpty Dumpty had a great fall. All the king’s horses, and all the king’s men, Couldn’t Put Humpty together again. Jack and Jill Jack and Jill went up the hill, To fetch a pail of water. Jack fell down and broke his crown. And Jill came tumbling after The Itsy Bitsy Spider The Itsy Bitsy Spider Climbed up the water spout. Down came the rain And washed the spider out. Out came the sun And dried up all the rain, And the itsy bitsy spider Climbed up the spout again. Little Bo Peep Little Bo-Peep has lost her sheep, And can’t tell where to find them. Leave them alone, And they’ll come home, Wagging their tails behind them. Thank you very much for taking the time to read and consider this. We look forward to your timely and positive reply! References Bettelheim, Bruno (1976). Uses of Enchantment: the Importance of Fairy Tales. New York: Knopf Encyclopedia Britannica online, concise version. Nursery Rhymes. retrieved February 3 2008. from http://www. britannica. com/ebc/article-9373775

Educational Outings

Educational Outings- L2B Leeds Tropical World This is a very popular Tropical Haven where you will find a range of exotic fish, reptiles and Birds from all around the world, all in various theamed room's to match their natural environment such as- The Butterfly Room- This room holds up to 40 different varieties of butterflies and it is also an ideal place for them to breed in a mature habitat.Step Ashore- This is the room which is based on a tropical island where many animals will be found in what appears to be there natural environment. The Amazon Tank- In this room there are many different species of tropical fish from all around the world. Desert House and Meerkats- This is the room where you are introduced to many different species of birds from places such as south America and the Canaries. Amazon South America tank- This room holds rare whistling ducks in its ponds creating an Amazonian environment.Creature Corner- This room involves many reptiles such as lizards, snakes and to rtoises and many other reptiles. What will children learn from tropical world? Tropical world will introduce a child to animal's in what appears to be their natural habitat, they will see a range of reptiles, birds, fish plants and gardens all in what apperas to be their home. This will help children learn activley and it will give them a better understanding of animal life.It will give them an oppourtunity to learn activley outside of the classroom, seeing smelling and hearing instead of reading out of a book. Tropical Room's- Birds eye view of tropical world Potential Hazards- Ponds/Swamps- People could slip or trip into the water causing a fatal injury, minor injury or worse. Rocks from walls- Rocks could fall off the wall and onto the walk way and cause someone to trip and injure themselves. Ropes on Bridges- People could fall onto the ropes and fall over them or get rope burn from them.Steps- People could Trip and fall over them. Risk Assessments for Hazards- Ponds/Swamps- Foll ow instructions and rules at all times to ensure safety to you and others, Stay within a safe distance of the water to be on the safe side. Rocks from walls- Be well aware of your surroundings and staff keep all rocks secure and safe. Ropes on Bridges- Stay aware and away from all ropes keep small children in sight at all times to avoid aany risks of an accident. Steps- Have signs marking where steps are such as ‘please mind the step' in order to keep people aware.Educational Outings- Temple Newsam Temple newsam is a freindly open space environment with miles and miles of greenary, ponds, streams and rivers. There is also Temple Newsam House a historic land mark, Court with shops and The very popular temple Newsam Farm where part of the landscape is covered with various farm animals and settings of what farm life was like back in the day, Also a newly built park for childrens entertainment. Birds eye view of Temple newsam farm and house What will Children Learn from temple new sam?Children will learn a large amount from of useful things from a day out at Temple Newsam, The farm will teach the children all about farm animals, the environment they live in, the food they eat and how farm life used to be. They will learn from a variety of historic farm setting's, the animals there pens and the descriptions situated around the farm. The historic house will walk the children back in time as they move from room to room and it will teach them all about how the past owners and their families lived in their time. Potential Hazards-Slipping on animal mess- If animal mess is lying around people could slep on it causing themseves harm. Falling into animals pen- If the fencing around the animals are too low then people could fall into the pen or children could climb in. Getting bitten by an animal- If people put their hands into the pens they could be bitten by one of the animals if they are not careful. Tripping over steps- In the house courtyard or farm people could trip over steps. Risk Assessments for Hazards- Slipping on Animal mess- Farm keeps should ensure that all animal mess is cleared from visitors walk ways as quick as possible.Falling into animals pen- Ensure that the fences of pens are a resonable height to prevent people from falling in or leave signs up warning of low fencing. Getting bitten by an animal- Leave signs warning people not to feed the animals if there is a danger of being bitten . Tripping over steps- Put clear signs up ‘mind your step' to be sure people will see it and hopefully avoid tripping. TEMPLE NEWSAM HOUSE TEMPLE NEWSAM FARM TEMPLE NEWSAM COURTYARD ONE OF MANY GARDENS TEMPLE NEWSAMS HISTORIC HOUSE AND ROOMSEducational Outings- Leeds museum Royal Armories Leeds museum of Royal Armories is memorabilia from different era's of past wars, showing members of the public Arms, Armours, Artillery and different military atire. This museum consists of 40AD Befor the Romans, 400AD Twilight of the Roman City, 1080AD Conquerors of Castle, 1200AD The Castle Enlarged, 1240AD The Classic Castle, 1300AD Apogee of the Medieval Castle, 1547AD The Tudor Power House, 1700AD Showplace of the nation, 1841AD The Great Conflagration, 1890AD Remedievalisation of the castle, 1940AD The castle at war, 2000AD the tower at war.These memories are kept safe to hold to teach future generations. Leeds Royal Armories Birds eye view BIRDS EYE VIEW OF ROYAL ARMORIES MAIN ENTRANCE What will children learn from here? From the Royal Armories children will learn all about past wars, how they worked, how they fought, what they fought with and how they dressed. They will be able to study them and increase their knowlegde of them. They will learn all about the Medieval times whilst working amoungst friends gaining social skills.Potential Hazards- Slippery floors- People Could slip over if there has been a spillage or the floors have just been cleaned/mopped. Car Parks- If people are not being aware whilst driving or walking t hrough the car park their could be an accident. Statues- Statues could be knocked over causing breakage or knocking into someone causing injury. Weapons- if the weapons are knocked over they could cause somebody harm or damage to other parts of the museum. Risk Assessments for Hazards-Slippery floors- Put up a wet floor sign after cleaning or a spillage until the floor is completly dry. Car Parks- Be aware of the cars in the car park and watch where your going at all times to prevent crashes or other accidents. Statues- Leave signs up ‘Do not touch' keep an eye on children at all times to prevent people from touching the statues. Weapons- Put signs up ‘Do not touch' and ensure that they are secure in the museum to prevent accidents.

Plato’s and Cicero’s life and Political Ideas Essay

Between 429-347 BCE, were the period of Plato and his ocean of philosophical dispositions and carried the most deep-seated political, social and intellectual thoughts. His questions raised the consciousness of intellectuals, students and general people making them think every aspect of their life from new and fresh perspective. As said by Alfred North Whitehead, â€Å"All Western philosophy consists of footnotes to Plato. † (Garvey 7) Plato was a student of Socrates and teacher of Aristotle, and naturally in his works there is a reflection of Socrates thoughts and ideologies. But while remembering, Plato we should not forget Cicero, 106-43 B. C. who was himself part of many of the political developments of his time. He was not only a philosopher but also an orator, lawyer and politician. He laid more importance to politics over philosophy. His philosophical works came about only in the period when he was forced to refrain himself from politics. Though he was neither considered as exceptional thinker nor we can see any originality in his works yet his thoughts on various aspects of philosophy exerted tremendous influence on many thinkers after many years to come. His popularity rose in 19th century. There is no comparison between Plato and Cicero as they were both of different ages and had their own distinct attributes, yet if we give deep thoughts into their philosophical works what we get is what we call slight deviations in their thoughts on Politics. Plato was born in Athens during 428-7 B. C. E but there is no certainty about this date because according to Diogenes Laertius, Plato was born in the same year when Pericles died. He was also considered to be six years younger than Socrates was and his death came when he passed the youthful years of his life-at the age of 84. If according to Apollodorus’ version, the death date of Plato is correct then his birth date should lie between 430 or 431 but Diogenes put his birth in 429. Diogenes further said that if Plato was the twenty years old at the time of Socrates murder in 399 then his year of birth should be 427. These years between 429-347 B. C. E is considered to be very appropriate, whereas, Cicero was born on 3rd January 106 BC in Arpinum, as Arpino today. It is a hill town situated 100 kilometres towards south of Rome. This small Italian got Roman citizenhsip in 188 B.  C. and began to speak Latin rather than their language Volscian before they were enfranchised by Romans. The assimilation of nearby Italian communities into Rome laid Cicero’s future as a Roman statesman, orator and writer. Though he had a great mastery over Latin rhetoric and composition but Cicero would never from him heart considered himself as a â€Å"Roman† and he was aware of this fact through out his life. During this period of Roman history, it was considered as cultured to able to speak both the Greek and Latin languages. Like many of his contemporaries, Cicero also got education in Greek rhetoricians, and their most influential teachers of their time was also Greek. His knowledge of Greek language enabled him to translate many of its theological concepts into Latin brining maximum number of common people into the world of Greek philosophical thoughts. He was so inclined towards the study of Greek culture and language that he would be called by the other boys as â€Å"Little Greek boy†, yet it is his obsession with the Greek language that made him tied to the traditional Roman elite. The family of Cicero belonged to the local class of nobles known as domi nobles, but without any tie with the Roman senatorial class. Cicero was only connected to Gaius Marius, the most popular person born in Arpinium. In 80 B. C. , he led the most popular faction during civil war against optimates of Lucius Cornelius Sulla. Cicero’s father was a knight who would compensate his personal life by reading books. His mother was Helvia who was a very good housewife. (Clayton Online edition) Plato’s was also fortunate to be born in a noble family of Athens. He was the son of Aristone and his mother’s name was Perictone. He got his nickname from the wrestler’s broad shouldered physique. He was expected to follow the family’s tradition of politicians but when he witnessed that Athens entered into conflict with Sparta during Peloponnesian war, he aliented himself from politics and at the age of twenty, joined the School of Socrates. Socrates main ambition was to seek the truth and further explore on the issues like virtue and pity. He also critcised religious and political institutions but allegations began to be levid against him from all corners as he was charged for corrupting the mind of youths. Plato captured the nerves of the society at large and pened down his earnest views followed by Apology and Crito. When Socrates died, Plato opened his academy in a grove which was considered to be sacred to the demigod Academus, near Athens. The importance of Academy grew when Aristotle became its student. Astronomy, Mathematics, and Philosophy were the subjects taught in the Academy. Few years of his life, Plato spent in travelling gaining more knowledge in the other parts of Mediterranean whereas rest part of his life was spent in Athens until he died in 347 B. C.  Ralph Waldo Emerson, a great American essayist, philosopher, a poet and a leader of Transcendentalist movement of the nineteenth century evoked, â€Å"Plato is philosophy, and philosophy, Plato, at once the glory and the shame of mankind, since neither Saxon nor Roman have availed to add any idea to his categories. †Ã¢â‚¬â€(Emerson, Spiller, Ferguson Slater & Carr 23) Plato understood politics from the angle of justice and democracy. His aim was to give the rulers the main principle of what constituted real politics. For Plato, politics was an application of what metaphysics and ethics considered as true. His ideal world was something which was true, good and therefore virtuous. He gave to the world the best mouth piece of the study of human behavior and his relation with society. His â€Å"Republic† was his ideological stand point whereby he posed number of questions and pondered their answers in the light of various assumptions and dynamics of society. His main question comes from the light of what is good and bad in their world-Why should we be good and why in this cruel world, wicked are more happy and successful? To find out the answer to this question, Plato had to invite the whole community-the Polis. In other words , if you can find out the right direction to form polis which is healthy then the importance to individual happiness is ruled out. For Plato, justice is a base which could only be frutifully gained by bringing about balance in wisdom, courage and temperance. For Plato, even an ideal state can be self desructive. Plato posited the view that even ideal state where all have equal rights could also be destructive and it could be happen in turn by the very basic concept on which democracy stands. Though Republic, the Statesman, the Laws are three main political dialogues of Plato, and they developed their ideologies on the basis of what today is termed as conceptual analysis-in other words clarification of the basic principles on which politics stands and its importance. For Plato, this conceptual analysis was a preliminary stage for further critical evaluation of thought processes. According to Plato, making right decisions on the administration and making right choice between peace and war are the two most crucial initial steps of good politics. Such decisions could not be left into the hands of public only but by good orator. Cicero’s works included fifty speeches, around thousand letters to friends and associates, among them the several of his works included rhetorical theories and twelve out of them are on philosophical topics. These display great intellectual thoughts that deepen Cicero’s conviction that both the philosophy and rhetoric are independent to each other and are very important for human life and society. His works on philosophy stand witness to the rhetorical techniques and style of Roman oratory. The political philosophy of Plato was largely based on speculations about ideal state. Though he did conceptualize his points by imploring upon the city-states of Greece and events in current political scenario, yet his discussions evolved largely around what he and other intellectuals thought to be ideal states. The essence of his ideological state lied in the needs of the man on the individual level and on the whole and these needs of the man joined them together to work for the common goal. The members that make the society could be divided into different classes according to their particular work criteria. As according to Plato, in man, there are two different souls in the same way in the society also, there are three different classes: philosophers, warriors, and producers; one of which belongs to the rational souls and the rest two belong to the irrational souls and each class has its own particular role to fulfill. For e. g. philosophers run the state, warriors defend it and producers cultivate their skills to produce the materialistic goods needed by the state. On the other hand, much of the Cicero’s political thoughts followed Aristotle concept of ideal state. For Cicero, there were three main forms of government; monarchy, aristocracy, and the constitutional state, but he also believed that there is every scope of perversion in each form of government, which emerges from those who do not have regard for the public good. Not one form of government is perfectly good. Instead Cicero prescribed what is known as composite form of government with the principles of monarchy, aristocracy and democracy. This form of government today is known as Common Wealth form of Government and Cicero termed as the Res Publica, literally known as â€Å"The People’s thing. His composite republic is based on the monarchical principle, also known as consuls; the aristocratic is likened to the Senate of Rome, which performs both the legislative and executive functions. The democratic principles are tribunes referred to as committees (comitia) in ancient Rome. Rather than revolutionary or politically visionary, Cicero was being considered more as a â€Å"political conservative† who was eager to preserve the Roman Republic against the designs of Julius Caesar, Mark Anthony, and Octavian whose aim was to make Rome into their own personal empire. But Cicero did not succeed in preventing Roman Republic from collapse and was murdered by the followers of Mark Anthony. (Marcus Cicero, Section 12). Cicero’s law was based on these two: â€Å"That true law was reason, That good is always good, that bad is always bad and in traditional Roman values. † (Simmons Online) He criticized all other form of constitutions for breaching the rights and interests of people and conveyed that political system should provide legal rights to every one equally but give electoral, legislative and judicial rights in accordance to their merit and wealth. Cicero’s first book On the Orator laid importance of Oratory in the politics of Rome. Oratory had been part of the Roman politics, and Cicero mainly superimposed its value. His discussions merely revolved around education basically history and poetry with composition of logic, philosophical theory and rhetorical techniques. As said by Stephen Whites’s, â€Å"Orator, clearly reflects Cicero’s own proficiencies, unites thorough knowledge of history and law with complete command of in a Romanized version of Plato’s philosopher-rulers†. (White online edition). Both Plato and Cicero wanted education to be based on philosophy to produce best statesman. While Plato’s more emphasis was on training on mathematical ground and transcendental metaphysics, Cicero wanted many practical programs of instructions designed to cultivate articulacy and civic debate. (White Online edition). His On the Republic is his much thought provoking dialects on leadership and politics. It was almost lost but its first third was recovered in 1820. On the Republic is a challenge of Plato’s Greek political theory based on utopian thoughts. He defined republic as â€Å"a peopl’e affair, â€Å"(res populi) and people as a community who have joined in to one consensus on their mutual interest. His other part constitutes his explanation on types of constitutions in classical Greek style and developed the data on the development of Roman institutions; whereas some of the sections which are either lost or preserved in very poor state have in short explanation of Hellenistic debates on the nature and rewards of justice and the discussions on education system of Rome. Yet another of his book On Laws is a sequel to a legal system. Contradicting Plato’s laws, he contended that Rome already had embodied itself much the ideals of law. On Laws truly appeared to be very important in the sense that it contains full account of natural law. Based entirely on Stoic ideas, Cicero contended that the whole concept of law is already a part of nature with an appropriate order, which could be codified in legislation for final tribunal in a court of law. After these writings, civil war erupted and he did not go further into this, but last of his books summed up his thinking on political grounds by bringing out the importance of morality in public life. In his On Duties which was his epistle to his son, he gave the routes to bestow on the proper code of conduct for Roman nobility emphasizing justice, benefaction and public service. His entire focus was on the men of high status and their way of dealing with the problems relating to personal ambitions and social obligations. Cicero too always stood on his profound trust on the noblest trait of human beings, which is their humanity and inculcate reasoning power to improve the lives of human beings. His thoughts on humanism are best skewed in his â€Å"On the Ends of Good and Evil†. The dialogue herein reflects on the question of what and where is the end of all human actions and the way you attain the happiness. Cicero agreed with Aristotle and saw that human beings are political or social animals. â€Å"But nature has given to mankind †¦ a compulsion to do good, and †¦ a desire to defend the well being of the community †¦. (Cicero & Rudd R I. 1). † But the most influential model book was The Republic by Plato. Cicero’s homage to the Republic was found in its expression in the section which was lost but also found its place in his concluding marks of the cosmos and the afterlife (The Dream of Scipio), which reflects the myth of err by the end of the Plato’s end book. Plato has been directly quoted and or reflected several times. Cicero’s Scipio states that, â€Å"Rather than invent a city for themselves as Plato did, he prefers to examine a real historical stance (The Roman Constitution) which comes closet to the ideal†. (Cicero, Rudd, & Powell xvi) But it was also mistake to espouse that, because Cicero had departed from Plato in certain way, his Republic is in very deep sense anti-platonic. It is further said that â€Å"Cicerio’s Scipio was enough of a Platonist to regard philosophy and astronomy as wise man’s true occupation, and to declare that one should take political offices only our of sense of duty or necessity, as Plato’s Guardian do. (I-26-29)( Cicero, Rudd, & Powell 17) There are many similarities between the Plato’s Republic and Cicero, de ra republic. Each formulated on the account of relationship between citizen and state. Both of them discussed on justice, both of them bestowed theory of constitution. Both of them also had mentioned discussion on education and a vision of an after life. Sharpely too suggested that â€Å"Cicero Republic in the sense, Plato’s turned inside out. † (Cicero& Zetzel 14) In the Republic by Plato, Socrates and his friends are trying to implore and analyze on what should be an ideal city but do not want to analyze the state in which he was living. Plato and Cicero were only mouthpieces in an arena of political thoughts in their respective periods whereas in Cicero’s De re publica, all the comments whether directly or indirectly emphasized on the organization of the state they ought to be living, which was Roman Republic in the final stages.

Managing Complex World Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Managing Complex World - Essay Example ides due significance to develop principles in abidance with the legal framework of Australia, where high attention is drained on the health, safety and welfare related aspects of the country (Kaufman, 2010). On the other hand, Commonwealth Bank of Australia (CBA) has been operating its functions with high emphasis towards the opportunities and treats of the Australian banking sector and the expectations of the Australian consumers thereupon. During the analysis, it was also revealed that the organization provides utmost significance to the external environmental trends that affects its strategic policies in relation to the banking rules and regulations being enacted (Robbins & et. al., 2012). In other words, environment considerations delivered by CBA is observed as much lesser in comparison to Wesfarmers Australia, which can be further related to the diversified organizational goals and external market trends witnessed by the two organisations. Similarly, when analyzing the environment of the Swinburne University, it was observed that the Swinburne University has been much emphasized towards its contribution to education system with the aim of ensuring economic stability of the country. Besides, Swinburne University has focused towards the education and employment associated prospects concentrated on its social classification (Swinburne, 2013). Simultaneously, Forestry Stewardship Certification (FSC) is an Australian forestry based organization, which has been recently highly emphasized towards taking actions against the abuses performed on animals in the Australian environment. It is in this context that during the environmental analysis, the organisation has concentrated on Australian Forestry Standard and the problems regarding the food supply of the animal, with due focus on the responsibilities of the Government in this context (Amis, 2013). While all these notions and strategic intents of the four companies may seem to be directed towards their corporate

Governmental Fragmental Versus Consolidation Article

Governmental Fragmental Versus Consolidation - Article Example For a very long time, arguments on how to organize and analyse urban governments that are in the US has been structured to fit around two basic perspectives of theories. One of these theoretical perspectives that has been advanced by the civic reform traditions gives greater emphasis on the socioeconomic interdependencies that is found in urban centres in America. As it emphasizes on the socio-economic interdependence of urban area, it also laments on the fragmentation of the government systems that have been designed to serve them. In trying to combine managerial and critical race theory paradigm, a method can be drafted to structure consolidated governments to handle different preferences of the citizens about the packages of tax service. Besides that a legal institutional created to measures and help in solving some of the alleged negative impacts of creating a larger units of local government authorities. Putting more emphasis on the larger representation as the opposed establish ment of the districts will provide a better way of involving citizens in important decision-making processes. Besides that, it will offer a formal mechanism in which hearing and handling of the grievances among the citizens can be done. Therefore, those citizens who are living in consolidated are less efficacious about their ruling government than those people living in highly fragmented systems. This proposition results into frustration and cynicism on the part of those local citizens who may not find a point of access.

Hobbes and Rousseau's Depiction of the state of nature and human Essay

Hobbes and Rousseau's Depiction of the state of nature and human nature - Essay Example The state ought to protect the lives of its citizens. The people who elected them into power should not live in fear of their lives. They should enjoy peace and stability. With these, the law of conservation of motion Hobbes tries to tell us that human beings are constantly looking for something in life. â€Å"Life itself is but Motion, and can never be without Desire† (129-130). What he is saying is that human beings are never satisfied; they always want more and more each moment ( Rousseau and. Their search for felicity is what causes human beings to be at war with each other. When death becomes a fear, there is creation of the state. Furthermore, Hobbes argues that human beings are equal in respect to the nature. They have equal skills and power. Moreover, according to Hobbes, human beings are by nature made equal, in a sense that the human’s possess are equal in terms of skills and power. â€Å"The weakest has strength enough to kill the strongest, either by secret machination or confederacy with others† (Hobbes and Helena 183). According to Hobbes theory morality has no room because, in a state of nature there are no unjust acts. He goes ahead to say that human beings rational behavior causes them to attack others and make them obey the law of nature only when surrounded by others and sure that they are obeying the law too. By this he means that human beings are self-centered in nature and fear is what makes them to reason (Hobbes and Helena 5) In Rousseau’s state of nature, human beings are like savages, their dealings are first dogged by instant and basic requirements food, sexual satisfaction, and sleep and fear only hunger and pain. The force of self-preservation and pity drives the savage man. To him human beings are naturally affected by others’ human beings’ sufferance, in other words they have â€Å"an innate repugnance a fellow creature suffers†

The advantages and disadvantages of Tilling as a technique in plant Essay

The advantages and disadvantages of Tilling as a technique in plant breeding - Essay Example It is a technology that used in molecular biology to directly identify mutations in genes. These technologies have their advantages that make them suitable for adoption and use by human life as well as disadvantages that make them a hazard to human life. This paper, therefore, seeks to establish the advantages and disadvantages of TILLING in plant breeding. TILLING is a molecular biology procedure that uses chemicals and x-rays to bring about undirected point mutations in a plant genome. This is usually the first step in the process. The second step involves an analysis of DNA which aids in the selection of plants that have a mutation that contains the desired gene (Schmidt et al 2011). The method combines a standard and an equally effective technique of mutagenesis with the use of a chemical mutagen such as Ethyl methanesulphonate (EMS) that contains a sensitive DNA screening method to which identifies point mutations in a target gene. This process of plant breeding may include mutation effects that may include gene deactivation and sub sequent reverse crossing with other varieties. This results with a plant that has the desirable mutation such as an amylase free potato. Some biotechnology critics such as Greenpeace have done ‘acceptance’ tests on TILLING method and have cited a large difference in genetic engineering. Some of the advantages of this biological process are; This means that the process can be applied on virtually every organism. This is because it entails modifying the molecular unit of heredity in a living organism. Therefore, plants can grow with a certain desired characteristic. This can be used to fight hunger by increasing food production. Another great advantage of TILLING in plant breeding is that the method its adaptability to high throughput genotyping. This is because it allows choosing appropriate technology for the intended goals and stage of an experiment. The method allows for the independence of the

Do gety colleg adequately caters to undergraduates Case Study

Do gety colleg adequately caters to undergraduates - Case Study Example This enabled the interviewee to fix other questions, or call for clarifications to some issues. Students came from different races while their ages were between 18 years to 22 years. Most of the interviewee allowed us to record them, which gave us an added analysis of their opinion via their body language. Where not allowed, we took notes. Data collected from the faculty member showed that in the best of their knowledge the education system in the campus was at its optimum. Several students confirmed this since out of their busy working schedule, they could choose between attending evening, daytime, or weekend classes. However, some subjects have a fixed timetable, which leaves students with flexible schedules out. Extra curriculum activities offered in the school really complement the learning processes, but are inaccessible to working students. Gety College adequately caters for most working undergraduates. However, improvement is needed on professors’ attitude to students, support to students, and on registration

Ford and G.M. Lose Grounds to Imports Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ford and G.M. Lose Grounds to Imports - Essay Example companies, which has resulted in dwindling of the market share of the â€Å"Big Three†, with particular emphasis on the car segment of the auto industry, and forcing the â€Å"Big Three† to respond in an attempt to hold on to the large market share. In spite of such efforts the Japanese auto manufacturer Toyota in October 2004 forged its way into the top three largest auto sellers in the United States of America, displacing Chrysler from this prestigious position. This event has led to the speculation that the structure of the U.S. auto industry is likely to see a change, wherein Japanese auto manufacturers are likely to rub shoulders with the traditional â€Å"Big Three† manufacturers of General Motors, Ford, and Chrysler. (1). The Japanese auto manufacturers have started edging towards and past the three big American auto manufacturers in terms of market share. There are two possible key factors involved in the pull of the American customer towards Japanese auto products. The first is the Japanese auto products are more economical than the American products, which is related to the strategies employed by the Japanese in boosting the productivity of their employees and cutting manufacturing costs. In the current scenario of job insecurity, investment in the purchase of a new vehicle is bound to be conditioned by the worsening economic scenario. The second possible factor is related to the rising costs of petroleum products. Japanese cars are less of gasoline guzzlers in comparison to the American cars, and with rising fuel prices and unstable incomes the Japanese auto products are more attractive to the American customers. This is reflected in the continuing rise in the sales of Japanese auto products in s pite of the response of incentives by the American auto manufacturers. (1). Put in a nutshell, we may take the game theory as an attempt to explain the strategic actions in a competitive environment and the gains and losses that could emanate from these actions

Leadership Motivation and Performance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Leadership Motivation and Performance - Essay Example Teachers also encourage students to improve their class and exam performances. Encouragement acts as a positive feedback for students that makes them repeat their performances in order to meet their teacher’s expectations. Encouragement motivates students to excel in their educational careers by showing good grades. Here, one point that is worth mentioning is that teachers should always have strong set of perceptions so that that can use their thinking abilities to design task-oriented and easy to understand learning methodologies for students. They should use their perceptual skills to identify hidden potential of students and use them to refine their learning abilities. Moreover, they should have a variety of strong attributes that can inspire their students and eventually improve their personality traits. Teachers can definitely become more effective by becoming more aware of these processes. They can use their cognitive and perceptual sets to solve their students’ learning difficulties, as well as to formulate new learning strategies for them. Similarly, they can use their level of performance expectations to change their teaching strategies accordingly and bring the desired improvement in their students’ performances. Moreover, they can also use their personal attributes, such as, creative and innovative thinking, openness, commitment, integrity, visionary outlook, and dedication to improve their teaching style and eventually bring improvement in students’ class and exam performances. â€Å"Teachers must be the perfect role models of honesty and integrity† (Slick, 2011). Students go to schools for learning and personality development. They not only learn things from their syllabus but also from their teachers who are their actual mentors. When teachers w ill have a strong and influencing personality, students will definitely like that and will try to adopt as much personality traits of their teachers as they can. Therefore, perceptual set,

Annotated Bibliography Essay Example for Free

Annotated Bibliography Essay In this assessment I shall describe an Annotated Bibliography on Autistic Spectrum Disorder. The important factors of inclusion in educational settings will be discussed and how parents as partners can help children’s development. Autism is a condition which affects children’s development their whole life. Autism is a brain disorder that is diagnosed normally in early childhood and autistic children can show bad behaviour and can become fairly aggressive and temperamental. Many education settings have provided additional support to young children alongside other children, however this is to include an inclusive practice. Children with autism have many difficulties in three main areas: 1) Social Awareness Find making friends and interacting with others very difficult, and do not always make eye contact when someone is talking to them. 2) Language Communication Find it hard to explain how their feeling and what their thinking and they also communicate in high pitch tones and have severe delay in speech. 3) Imagination – Do not always understand that others have thoughts and feelings and have limited imagination. Reid (2005, p.29) quotes â€Å"There may also be evidence of obsessive and inappropriate behaviours. Some students within this spectrum may also have limited imaginative thought†. In society before, children with autism were misunderstood and their negative behaviour was labelled and because of their negative behaviour children were punished frequently. During that time there was no guidance and support available for children with autism from the government and local authorities. There was none specialised equipment/resources for children to learn and develop further, which would help with this particular disability. There are many barriers for children with autism in mainstream schools like adapting activities, schools may not have enough space and specialised equipment for making the activity adaptable. Children may have certain needs to be tended to so staff need to be trained to deal with children with autism, so some staff would need further training. However, another barrier could be that the parents do not admit that their child has autism, so parents do not attend meetings with staff and acquire the right guidance and support. Some parents may feel that their child is not normal, as the community they come from might have an ideal image of a family, for instance referring to a child who has perfect physical appearance. The medical model sees society or a practice to cure a disability to fit into society, and the social model sees that the child is not the problem, but the attitudes towards disability is the problem. Adults need to provide children with a safe and enabling environment for them to learn and develop in, so children with autism should be treated equally and fairly, like all children and must feel included in their environment. Meanwhile, when providing activities for children with autism adults must give children time for themselves and let them explore, so they can learn at their own pace. Reid (2005, p. 29) states that â€Å"It is important to allow for opportunities that will enable the student some time on his/her own†. However the adult should also involve other children when doing a specific activity for the child with autism, so the child does not feel alone, even though children with autism prefer to play alone. The adult should support and encourage the child and help them complete the activity, by helping the child using hand in hand contact for example the adult holding the child’s hand etc. The adult’s role is to talk to the children slowly and calmly, and use simple words so they understand and an effort should be made towards them so they feel the sense of security. Vygotsky was a theorist and his theory was on the Zone of Potential Development (ZPD), his theory stresses the importance of when a more knowledgeable adult/child helps a less knowledgeable child, so by helping him/her complete the task he/she could not done alone, he called this ZPD. Vygotsky saw that adults need to be involved with children strongly. Lindon (1998, p.66) clearly states â€Å"He saw early language as an important social tool for children which brought them deliberately into contact with others†. Adults should provide children with activities where they can use all their senses like touch, smell, taste, sound and sight, so providing them toys with flashing lights, soft toys and puppets which will show affection etc. Vygotskys theory is seen as a scaffolding process where the child imitates the practitioner’s actions, and is a one to one process centring the child individual needs first. Involving parents in these situations can be very difficult, so it is very important to build a relationship with trust and respect, this will help the parent to feel comfortable. Cheminais (2006, p. 101) quotes that â€Å"Clear communication and mutual respect help to promote positive productive working relationships between the two partners†. In my nursery we have a folder for a child with autism and in that folder we have IEP sheets where we constantly observe and monitor the child. We also give some IEP sheets to the parent as well so they also monitor the child at home, this helps us to see how the child is doing at home and at nursery. We then have meetings with the parents, where we can discuss the child’s progress, this helps us to see the stage of development. Furthermore these sheets help us to plan and provide for the child further. Communication books can also help as the parent can read them, as this will have the child’s daily routine written in, so parents will feel reassured that their child is safe. (Johnston and William, 2009, p.399-402) Schools and settings can support children with autism by having SENCO’s (Special educational needs co-ordinator), so children who need extra support can have one to one attention from one main person. Meanwhile they can provide specialised resources like sensory based toys like flashing light toys. Also having family workers can help children, as they can support and guide parents, by having regular sessions where they can discuss where the child needs help and if necessary involve outside agencies. An inclusive environment for children with autism is essential for children to reach their full potential, as this will build their self esteem and confidence. The environment must be warm and friendly for children and parents, however having posters of children with SEN will help children’s parents see there are many types of SEN children. The room must be facilitated to meet children’s needs for example tables and chairs must be at the child’s level and layout of the room must be spacious for wheelchair users, so ramps and stair lifts must be provided. Activities must be adaptable for children with, so they can participate and learn from different experiences, just like all children. Children with autism must be given a range of resources/specialist equipment, therefore this will meet their needs so they are equally included. Resources like flash cards, textured materials, soft toys, flashing lights, also natural resources aswel like plants, must be provided as children with autism respond to sensing materials. In my nursery where I work, there is a child with autism, he likes to line objects horizontally and vertically and when playing he constantly repeats the same pattern. The child repeats the same pattern again and again, he shows some independence and confidence in this situation, and repeats his schema. Piaget was a theorist and his idea of schema was, Lindon (1998, p. 72) says â€Å"Patterns of behaviour that are linked through a theme and from which a child generalises and explores in different situations†. There are many legal requirements that support the actions which need to be taken when a child may have special needs. The Disability Discrimination Act (1995) supports the actions which need to be taken, with children with SEN; this Act says that it would be illegal for settings not to make reasonable adjustments for people who have a disability. A perfect example of effective practice is Terry, J (2009, p.30) says â€Å"Autism is recognised as a disability under the Disability Discrimination Act (DDA) 1995 (DCSF, 2009), and some children and young people will have associated or additional complex developmental difficulties that require the high level of co-ordinated support delivered by Early Support†. The Special Education Needs Disability Act (2001) also supports children with SEN. This Act is separated in two sections, part one develops the framework of SEN, to reinforce the rights of parents and their children to enter mainstream education and part two develops the Disability Discrimination Act (1995) to expand the rights of SEN children in schools. The main key points of these Acts are that children with disabilities are treated well, and that they are entitled to study the National Curriculum. In conclusion it is very important for schools and settings to provide a learning and friendly environment for children with autism. Therefore they must provide useful and quality resources and specialised equipment to meet children’s individual needs, so children can reach their utmost best, build their self esteem and confidence and also enjoy themselves. Schools and settings can also work with outside agencies and help to meet parents and children’s needs. As a result parents can get advice and support from other professionals and other agencies, on the other hand children’s certain needs can be tend to and learning experiences maximised. All staff must be trained to deal with children with autism so they can observe, plan and provide for children with certain needs which need to be met. So then children can develop their next stage of development, Furthermore parents working with teachers can help children’s development enormously as their needs are most likely to be met. As parents are their primary carers, so they know their child/children’s likes, dislikes and interests. Staff can then plan and provide children with challenging activities which children will enjoy and develop further.

Cognitive Learning Theory Lecture Essay Example for Free

Cognitive Learning Theory Lecture Essay Cognitive Learning developed by theorist Edward C. Tolman, explains the way our brain processes and interprets information that we learn. The biological basis of cognitive learning style is grounded in brain theory. .(Different Cognitive Learning Styles, 2003-2013) It’s the relationship that occurs between two stimuli, but even though the stimulus is the same our brains react in different ways. However, each person process information at different rates. This type of learning style is basically defined as a personality aspect which affects attitudes, beliefs, and social communication. An example of Cognitive learning style can be how a person develops skills and familiarity, and how they establish and recall information. Some people need to picture the task before starting; others organize learning and teaching successively or casually and some work rapidly or purposefully. Cognitive Learning: Latent Learning Cognitive learning is internal and is broken down into thought processes. One important cognitive process is called latent learning. Latent literally means ‘hidden†, and occurs without any reinforcement, but is only demonstrated when some type of incentive is given for doing it. Basically, you learn thru shear repetitiveness. Unknowingly, our brain absorbs the information which is stored deep in our subconscious, and is only brought out when faced with a situation when the information is necessary. For example, say you car pool with someone to work every day, but she/he drives. Although you’re not driving you may still learn the route to your job, but have no reason to demonstrate your knowledge of this. However, if the person you car pool with gets ill you may need to drive yourself. By doing so, subconsciously you realize you’ve learned the same route that the usual driver would take, this is considered latent learning. Cognitive Learning: Observational Learning According to Albert Bandura and his colleagues, observational learning is also a major part of the learning process. Observational learning is just that, learning by observing what they see and then demonstrating it themselves. Basically, observational learning happens in a way that someone must notice something someone else is doing. Then record it in their mind, and finally imitate the actions. These actions may or may not happen again, and the choice to continue emulating these actions depends on the outcome. The intelligence level does determine whether someone is limited to or has the ability to mimic the person. Examples of this process would be someone observing someone tying their shoes and imitating it themselves with the reward of not tripping when they walk. Or perhaps, watching someone commit a crime and then getting punished for it shows the observer that imitating is not always ideal. Because each person acquires diverse cognitive learning styles, it is not only challenging but perhaps impossible to reach every person in a particular way. Numerous researchers have made an effort to deliver ways in which the learning process can take effect. Individuals are affected by components in their surroundings like sound, light, and feelings as well as incentive, diligence, obligation and the need for organization. There are some sociological needs that can be challenging and also affect you like peers, certain groups and adults as well as physical desires, like perceptual fortes, aperture, time and freedom of movement. References Different Cognitive Learning Styles. (2003-2013). Retrieved from http://www.learningrx.com/different-cognitive-learning-styles-faq.htm Feldman, R. S. (Ed.). (2011). Cognitive Approach to learning. Essentials of Understanding Psychology (9th ed., pp. 188-194). Retrieved from

Internet and Web Services

Internet and Web Services The internet is a medium with which we can view information from anywhere in the world. Documents from the World Wide Web and various other services such as instant chat, email are available through the internet. The internet has revolutionized communication and there by its contribution of information sharing. With access to computer and an appropriate connection, anyone can interact with others worldwide. However, the web is designed to exchange unstructured information, while people can read web pages and understand their maning, computers cannot. If corporations want to conduct business over the web, humans have to be involves unless there is a way for computers to communicate on their own. Web services in Information System: Web services play a complementary and dominate role in building global information system for todays dynamic usiness world. Web services are self contained, modular applications that can be describe, published,located and invoked over a network. Web services performs functions using ranging from simple requests to complicated business processes. The idea of web services is to leavrage the advantage of the web as a platform to apply it to the services themselves, not just to the static information. Services refer to components and the services offered that can be used to build larger application services. Web services make it easier to bulid service based architectures without the applications being locked-in to a particular software vendors product. Web services have been proven to give a strong return on investors(RIO) and make computer based information system more adaptable. They also help bring productivity, flexibility,and low maintence cost in the ddevelopement of information system by integring components from various third party vendors product. Benefits of web services for developing information security of global nature are:- Web services tools are available for most computer system, including mainframes and packaged applications. This means that not only the exisiting application can be retained, but also the exisinting knowledge of staff can be applied and extended using web services for business integration. Web services are adaptable and can handle changes more readily than other integration solutions, because they use structured text as message format. IT managers now have the ability to exchange data between most application, on most computers in a consistent and standard way. Q:-2.How do distributed information systems help the global enterprises? Solution:- Distributed development of software and information systems (also named Global Software Development) becomes increasingly common, driven by the globalisation of companies and their business and enabled by new information and communication technologies. Distributed Information Systems Development (DISD) promotes realisation of IS in a collaborative way where several partners, generally situated in distant places, participate in the elaboration of a common solution. The DISD consists in decomposing  the IS development process into more or les autonomous phases to be realised by these partners. DISD aims at increasing enterprise productivity, reducing IS development cost, and enlarging the number of human competencies and skills, which allows not only to share experiences in different cultural environments but also to extend enterprise strategy to the global market. In fact, this kind of practice allows enterprises to deal with new economic globalisation constraints that they have to undergo but it is not devoid of problems. It is clear that the distribution of processes has an impact on the way the IS products will bespecified, designed, coded and delivered to the clients. A sophisticated computer information system enables companies to monitor employees, to keep managers and employees informed, to coordinate activities among divisions, or even to sell their products to customers via the internet. Moreover, in the era of it like this, information has become valuable organizational asset just like human resources and inventories. Furthermore, a good information system can facilitate direct communication between firm and suppliers, manufacturers, dealers, and marketers. Together, they can create a value chain as though they were in one organization. In the meantime, the widespread use of information freeway is inviting unwelcome threats. Today, companies are plagued by hackers; competitors, thieves, spies, hired agents, or even from disgruntled employees. Therefore, firms have taken measures to safeguard their system such as installing complex computer firewalls to detect hackers or purchasing expensive and advance encryption software. In conclusion, information system enables companies to react, respond, cater, store, retrieve, disseminate, and control their new valuable asset that is information. In the years to come, a good information system within a company will be no longer an option; it will become a compulsory in determining success. Q:-3 Briefly describe about the information level threats versus Network level threats? Solution:- A threat is a possible event that can harm an information system. Information level threats:- Image SPAM ISLEVEL Image-based SPAM has increased in the past year, and a higher percentage is making it past SPAM filters. The reason this happens is the images are varied each time a message is sent out. SPAM images are just slightly changed each time the message is sent. The difference may be a change in the border, or the variance of one pixel, but the change is enough to get past traditional content and signature-scanning filters. These SPAM messages are compared to snowflakes, because each one looks similar, but is different. Every image is in fact unique, but from a distance it will look identical. Chat Clients ISLEVEL Internet chat applications, such as instant messaging applications and Internet Relay Chat (IRC) networks, provide a mechanism for information to be transmitted bi-directionally between computers on the Internet. Chat clients provide groups of individuals with the means to exchange dialog, web URLs, and in many cases, files of any type. Because many chat clients allow for the exchange of executable code, they present risks similar to those of email clients. As with e-mail clients, care should be taken to limit the chat clients ability to execute downloaded files. As always, you should be wary of exchanging files with unknown parties. Network level threats:- Denial of Service Attack (DOS Attack) NLEVEL Another form of attack is called a denial-of-service (DoS) attack. This type of attack causes your computer to crash or to become so busy processing data that you are unable to use it. In most cases, the latest patches will prevent the attack. It is important to note that in addition to being the target of a DoS attack, it is possible for your computer to be used as a participant in a denial-of-service attack on another system. Trojan Horse Programs NLEVEL Trojan horse programs are a common way for intruders to trick you (sometimes referred to as social engineering) into installing back door programs. These can allow intruders easy access to your computer without your knowledge, change your system configurations, or infect your computer with a computer virus. Part B Q:-4 How the security challenges presented by mobile devices and information systems access in wireless computing environments? Solution:- Today, incredible advances are being made for mobile devices, the trend is for smaller devices and more processing power. A few years ago,the choice was betweena wireless phone and a simple PDA. Now there is a long list of options ranging from high end PDAs with integrated wireless modems down to small phones with wireless web browser capibiliies. Even the simplest of handheld devices provide enough computing power to run small applications, play games, music and make voice calls. A key drier for the ggrowt of mibile solutions for business is the proliferation of handheld devices in the enterprise. Since the term mobile device includes many products. Wireless refers to the metode of transferring information between a computing device, such as a PDA and the data source, such as an agency database server, without a physical connection. Not all wireless technologies are mobile. For example, lasers are used in wireless data transfer between buildings, but cannot be used in mobile communication at this time. Mobile simply decribes acomputing device that is not restricted to a desktop, that is not tethered. Mobile computing does not necessary require wireless communicaton. In fact, it may not require communication between devices at all. Tus, while wireless is a subset of mobile, in most cases, an application can be mobile without being wireless. Smart handhelds are defined as handheld or pocket size devices that connect to a wireless or cellular network, and can have software installed on them. This includes networked PDAs and smart phones. Q:-5 What is the role of Information Security Scenario in the financial sector? Solution:- In the financial sector, the Reserve Bank of India(RBI) has created a comprehensive document that lays down a number of security related guidelines and strategies for banks to follow in order to offer internet banking. the guidelines broadly talk about the types of risks associated with the internet banking, the technology and security standards, legal issues involved and regularity and supervisory concerns. Any bank that wants to offer internet banking must follow these guidelines. Recent infosec surveys indicate that the banking and finance sector companies, most serious about security, are the major investors in security solutions, and regularly revise their ssecurity policies following periodic audits. The software service companies, business process outsourcing (BPO) firms and IT- enabled service companies. However, verticals such as manufacturing continue to lag, except the companies that have extensive enterprise resource planning (ERP) setups or those that drive their supply chain through the web. Aside from these three verticals, companies in other verticals have along way to go in establishing InfoSec.

The Meal Ready-to-Eat Essays -- essays research papers

The MRE (Meal - Ready to Eat) Retort Pouch and Component Packaging OUTLINE I. Abstract A. The Meal, Ready-to-Eat B. Nutrition 1) Caloric value 2) Recommended Daily Allowance II. Introduction to the Retort Pouch A. Make-up of the pouch 1) Tri-laminate MRE retort pouch 2) Manufacturing specification 3) Thermo-stability requirements B. Laminate qualities 1) Three layers and object of design implementation C. Possible problems with military retort pouch use 1) Punctures, tears, holes 2) Outer carton use and integrity boost III. Difference between retort pouch and non-retort pouch A. Adhesive use on seals B. Types of food and retort pouch use C. Other packaging use in MRE IV. Retort Pouch Printing A. Required Markings B. Soldier or inspector use of markings V. Defects Likely to Occur A. Delamination B. Inspection for defect pouches VI. Design Improvement and Testing A. Laboratory testing of pouch suitability B. Pouch component shelf-life 1) Freezing effects 2) Dry storage shelf-life 3) Refrigerated shelf-life VII. Summation A. Combat soldier acceptance B. Field feedback The Meal, Ready-To-Eat (MRE) has been specially designed to sustain an individual soldier in heavy activity such as during actual military operations when normal food service facilities are not available. The MRE is a totally self-contained operational ration consisting of a full meal packed in a flexible meal bag. The full bag is lightweight and fits easily into the soldier's military field clothing pockets. The contents of one MRE meal bag provide an average of 1250 kilocalories (13 % protein, 36 % fat, and 51 % carbohydrates). It also provides 1/3 of the Military Recommended Daily Allowance of vitamins and minerals as determined by the Surgeon General of the United States. Most of the food components of the MRE are packaged in flexible packages. Some of the packages are the same or very similar to those used for previous types of operational ration components, but others are newer forms of packaging technology such as the vacuum packed tri-laminate, non-retortable pouch, and the tri-laminate, retortable pouch. Since almost all of the primary and secondary components of the MRE are packaged in tri-laminate pouches, these will be the primary presentation focus. The retortable pouch, often referred to as the flexible can,... ...he development of improved food preservation techniques has occurred largely on the battlefields of the world. What started as a suitable package for space flight meals and the MRE, the retort pouch is now common for packaging of commercial food products of today. The retort pouch has become an industry icon of convenience and has proven food safety in preservation. REFERENCES Brody, Aaron L. The Return of the Retort Pouch. Food Technology Magazine. Vol. 57, No. 2. February 2003. Pgs. 76-79. Hartman, Lauren R. User is King with Flexibles. Packaging Digest. March 2003. Pgs. 34-38. www.packagingdigest.com NFPA Bulletin 41L, 1989. Flexible Package Integrity. National Food Processors Association, Washington, DC. www.nfpa.org Press Release: New Study Says Food Manufacturers Offering US Consumers Retort Packaging to Meet Conveniency/Lifestyle Demands. Paper, Film, & Foil Converters Magazine. April 29, 2004. PRIMEDIA Business Magazines & Media Inc. www.pffc-online.com Sacharow, Stanley. Is the Retort Pouch Really Ready to Replace the Can? Paper, Film, & Foil Converter Magazine. APR 2003. PRIMEDIA Business Magazines & Media Inc. www.pffc-online.com

Margaret Mead :: essays research papers

Margaret Mead was a great scientist, explorer, writer, and teacher, who educated the human race in many different ways. In the next few paragraphs I will discuss the different ways Margaret Mead, Anthropologist, effected our society. Margaret Mead was born in Philadelphia on December 16, 1901, and was educated at Barnard College and at Columbia University. In 1926 she became assistant curator of ethnology at the American Museum of Natural History in New York City, and she served as associate curator and as curator. She was director of research in contemporary cultures at Columbia University from 1948 to 1950 and professor of anthropology there after 1954. Participating in several field expeditions, Mead conducted notable research in New Guinea, Samoa, and Bali. Much of her work was devoted to a study of patterns of child rearing in various cultures. She also analyzed many problems in contemporary American society, particularly those affecting young people. Her interests were varied, including childcare, adolescence, sexual behavior, and American character and culture. Margaret Mead taught generations of Americans about looking carefully and openly at other cultures to understand the complexities of being human. Margaret Mead brought the serious work of anthropology to public consciousness. Mead studied at Barnard College, where she met the great anthropologist Franz Boas. Franz Boas became her mentor and her advisor when she attended graduate school at Columbia University. Mead's work is largely responsible for the treasures on view in the Museum's Hall of Pacific Peoples. In addition to her work at the Museum, Margaret Mead taught, and wrote more best selling books. She contributed a regular column to Redbook magazine. She was also lectured, and was frequently interviewed on radio and television. Margaret Mead :: essays research papers Margaret Mead was a great scientist, explorer, writer, and teacher, who educated the human race in many different ways. In the next few paragraphs I will discuss the different ways Margaret Mead, Anthropologist, effected our society. Margaret Mead was born in Philadelphia on December 16, 1901, and was educated at Barnard College and at Columbia University. In 1926 she became assistant curator of ethnology at the American Museum of Natural History in New York City, and she served as associate curator and as curator. She was director of research in contemporary cultures at Columbia University from 1948 to 1950 and professor of anthropology there after 1954. Participating in several field expeditions, Mead conducted notable research in New Guinea, Samoa, and Bali. Much of her work was devoted to a study of patterns of child rearing in various cultures. She also analyzed many problems in contemporary American society, particularly those affecting young people. Her interests were varied, including childcare, adolescence, sexual behavior, and American character and culture. Margaret Mead taught generations of Americans about looking carefully and openly at other cultures to understand the complexities of being human. Margaret Mead brought the serious work of anthropology to public consciousness. Mead studied at Barnard College, where she met the great anthropologist Franz Boas. Franz Boas became her mentor and her advisor when she attended graduate school at Columbia University. Mead's work is largely responsible for the treasures on view in the Museum's Hall of Pacific Peoples. In addition to her work at the Museum, Margaret Mead taught, and wrote more best selling books. She contributed a regular column to Redbook magazine. She was also lectured, and was frequently interviewed on radio and television.

European Integration Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After the tragedies of World War II, European leaders have made striving efforts to prevent such a catastrophic event from occurring on their continent again. The best solution seemed to be highly mechanized cooperation among the highest European powers to assure that future conflict, and perhaps war, could not arise between them. If all the states ran themselves in a manner cooperating with their neighbors, conflict could be avoided. To prevent other nations from not cooperating, treaties and institutions would have to be designed for each area of international interest such as trade, communications, security, and so forth. As the century progressed, more organizations, institutions and associations were developed and soon leaders recognized that maybe more good could come to Europe as a whole if cooperation as such could grow and eventually arrive at full European integration.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The â€Å"establishment of the European Union in November 1993 reoriented the European movement .† The union incorporates a good portion of Western Europe and fundamentally acts as an enforcer of all the agreements the included nations make with each other in terms of trade and the â€Å"economic, political, and social stabilization of the entire continent .† As we seem to get closer to Europe’s achieving integration, the actual possibility of it ever really occurring has been in constant question among scholars. Liberals believe that cooperation on the level of integration is very possible and likely, as each nation essentially desires to maximize its own individual gains, and each nation gains more by cooperating more and banding together as one â€Å"state†. However, as constructivists remind us, we cannot neglect the element of identity in this equation. Thereafter, we must recognize that lately it is more popular for nations to fig ht for their own established identity rather than to create a new one for the good of maintaining peace in their new state as we have seen in so many Eastern European countries. Therefore, as realists would agree, integration is in reality impossible due to the trend of nations to protect their individual sovereignty and at the fear of losing it, move towards more nationalistic regimes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Liberals believe that nations inherently wish to cooperate as it benefits both actor... ...ative gains. They can never know each other’s intentions, and won’t risk the cooperation if they think they can gain more in the future from conflicting.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Furthermore, as in the Balkans or in Russia we have seen how disinclined nations or ethnic groups are to ignore their own unique national identity in order to create a new identity of the newly established state. Richard Caplan and John Feffer note that, â€Å"nationalism has been embraced as a bulwark against the erosion of cultural diversity and popular sovereignty in the face of creeping federalism .† New ethnic conflict arises and peace is far from realized as a result of integration. The potential European integration would suffer a similar and most likely greater effect. In the long run, integration, if actualized, would not lead to a peaceful and trusting state as hoped, but instead a brand new set of ethnic and nationalist conflict. This is a risk most states are probably not willing to take.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As we have seen on smaller scales in newly integrated democratic states in Europe today, nationalism is not a dying epidemic. In fact, ethnic and nationalist conflicts

NY Times Paywall Essay

However the long-term prospects of paywalls remained uncertain. The subscriber growth was slowing down, and many of the paid subscribers of The Times were enticed by the introductory offer of 99 cents for a 4-week subscription. A previous experiment with a paywall, TimesSelect, was abandoned in 2007 after The Times secured 227,000 paying customers. Was the paywall a good idea for the long-term? Would it provide a foundation for a sustainable business model as The Times approached an ever-evolving technology and media landscape? Company Background The New York Times Company was a leading global multimedia news and information company with 2011 revenues of $2. 3 billion and an operating profit of $57 million, and operated The New York Times, the International Herald Tribune, The Boston Globe, and About. com. (See Exhibit 1 for company structure, Exhibit 2 for business units and their revenues, and Exhibit 3 for company financials. ) The company defined its core purpose as â€Å"enhance[ing] society by creating, collecting and distributing high quality news, information and entertainment. †7 The New York Times, the flagship daily newspaper of the company, was founded on September 18, 1851, by journalist and politician Henry Jarvis Raymond, and former banker George Jones. By 2011, the newspaper had won 106 Pulitzer Prizes, the most of any news organization. Reflecting on The Times’s importance, Michael Hirschorn, the contributing editor of the Atlantic, remarked: The Times still, I think to a remarkable degree, does set the agenda. You really can trace almost any major story these days to something that originally appeared in The Times. The problem is that once it reaches the public, they may not even know it came from The Times. 8 In spite of its prize-winning journalism, The Times was facing significant pressures. Its subscription and revenues had steadily declined over the years (see Exhibits 3 and 4). Its advertising revenues in 2011 were down by over 6% compared with 2010 ad revenues, and in spite of cost cutting, the operating profit in 2011 was 76% less than the previous year. In January 2012, the company sold its Regional Media Group consisting of 16 regional newspapers for $143 million in cash. 9 2 This document is authorized for use only by Karen Lao in Marketing Management taught by A. Prasad from August 2013 to December 2013. For the exclusive use of K. LAO The New York Times Paywall 512-077 The Newspaper Industry The New York Times was not alone in feeling this pressure—the entire newspaper industry was facing significant challenges. Overall circulation in the industry for both weekday and weekend newspapers was declining (Exhibit 5). Traditional sources of newspaper revenues—subscription, retail, and classified advertising—were also declining (Exhibit 6). In contrast, most of the costs for editorial staff, production, and distribution were fixed and had very little room for reduction. Table A shows the revenue and cost structure of a typical U. S. newspaper.

History Of The Judicial Depart Of The Philippines

The Paradigm (from Transmissional to Transactional) Shift of education in the Philippines is the transfer of teaching concepts from the Traditional â€Å"bookish and direct learning approach† Teaching into a 21st Century Teaching focused on developing the learners HOTS (higher order thinking skills). These HOTS is the demonstration of the learners critical thinking ability, and to go beyond the four walls of the classroom by applying their learning into the 7 domains Identified by the Department of Education (DepEd).In the traditional way of teaching, the learners are only developing the lower part of the Domain of Learning, which are identified as LOTS (lower order thinking skills). This is the memorization intensive class, where the learners are forced to memorize a long list of items, in order to be able to answer in the Objective Type quizzes and Exams. Example: Using the LOTS, students would simply answer the question, â€Å"Who is the first astronaut?†,and then a selection of a,b,c,d from which the students will choose from.These is the Mechanical type of learning, where students would simply do the same thing (memorize) and be able to answer the same type of exam or questioning method in a heartbeat without even knowing the deeper part of it or can’t even explain the answer. LOTS (lower order thinking skills) are:Knowledge, Application, ComprehensionHowever, in the HOTS intensive teaching, the students would answer the types of questions like, â€Å"What are the contribution of the Space Program to our present generation?† or â€Å"Compare and Contrast the knowledge and understanding of humans before the space age and during the space age?† These types of questions, enables the learners to think critically and explain his/her answer and to demonstrate actively in a manner that their understanding will show the deep knowledge they have learned in the classroom. HOTS (higher order thinking skills) are:Analysis, Synthesis, EvaluationWith all these in mind, the Department of Education realized (at last!) that a Paradigm shift is needed in order to change the system from the  traditional ways into the so called 21st century globally standard teacher. Education experts around the country, including my Mentor and Dean of the College of Education, Dr. June P. Salana, worked tirelessly together with numerous experts nationwide in order to identify the salient points or domains needed in line with the vision of transforming the Filipino Teacher into a globally competitive one.Along with the Commission on Higher education (CHED), Teacher Education Institutes (TEIs), Philippine Regulatory Commission (PRC), Department of Education (DepEd) and the Civil Service Commission (CSC) in partnership with the different academic institution, the National Competency-Based Teacher Standards (NCBTS) was born. Hence, the Curriculum change is the product of many years of development, this is not the idea of the DepEd Secre tary or the thousands of teachers around the country.As mentioned by Dr. Isagani Cruz in 2001, this is the People Power Model of Curricular Change, this is the result of the Social Change that happened to the country and the need for education to be the Main Effort in bringing Competitiveness and innovativeness among the people in the 21st century. As Mentioned in the Curriculum Development book by Dr. June P. Salana and Dr. Rolando A. Bernales, the curriculum development of today has shifted fromLearner-Artisan relationship into Employment-Oriented (knowledge based) Curriculum.The latest trend is to Empower the teachers, the front-liners in education, the deliverers of knowledge,and facilitators of learning in the process of developing a curriculum, that would reflect the Competencies, teachers and students alike should possess and reflective of the Social Dimension of education. That learning should not be limited to Fraction or Poem writing but rather adopting it to the real life applications and experiences that the learner may or has experienced.It is very important to note that this is not a Jesli Lapus, Pet project that may or may not go with him after he lives the office, but a result of the societal change, a reflection of what is happening in the society and adopting our curriculum into the 21st century globally competent education. The NCBTS Framework is devided in 7 Domains:1. Social Regard for Learning (SRFL) 2. Learning Environment (LE) 3. Diversity of Learners (DOL) 4. Curriculum (Curr.) 5. Planning, Assessing Reporting (PAR) 6. Community Linkages (CL) 7. Personal Growth & Professional Development (PGPD)According to the Framework â€Å"This will allow teachers to self-assess their own performance against the Competency Standards in order to identify areas of strength as well as areas that need to be developed further in order for them to function more effectively as facilitators of learning.† Domain 1. Social Regard for Learning (SRFL)The SRFL domain focuses on the ideal that teachers serve as positive and powerful role models of the value in the pursuit of different efforts to learn. The teacher’s action, statements, and different types of social interactions with students exemplify this ideal. Domain 2. Learning Environment (LE)This domain focuses on importance of providing a social, psychological and physical environment within which all students, regardless of their individual differences in learning, can engage in the different learning activities and work towards attaining high standards of learning Domain 3. Diversity of Learners (DOL)The DOL domain emphasizes the ideal that teachers can facilitate the learning process even with diverse learners, by recognizing and respecting individual differences and by using knowledge about their differences to design diverse sets of learning activities to ensure that all learners can attain the desired learning goals. Domain 4. Curriculum (Curr.)The curriculum doma in refers to all elements of the teaching-learning process that work in convergence to help students understand the curricular goals and objectives, and to attain high standards of learning defined in the curriculum. These elements include the teacher’s knowledge of subject matter and the learning process, teaching-learning approaches and activities, instructional materials and learning resources. Domain 5. Planning, Assessing & Reporting (PAR)This domain refers to the alignment of assessment and planning activities. In particular, the PAR focuses on the (1) use of assessment data to plan and revise teaching-learning plans; (2) integration of assessment procedures in the plan and implementation of teaching-learning activities, and (3) reporting of the learners’ actual achievement and behavior. Domain 6. Community Linkages (CL)The LC domain refers to the ideal that classroom activities are meaningfully linked to the experiences and aspirations of the learners in their h omes and communities. Thus, this domain focuses on teachers’ efforts directed at strengthening the links between schools and communities to help in the attainment of the curricular goals. Domain 7. Personal Growth & Professional Development (PGPD)The PGPD domain emphasizes the ideal that teachers value having a high personal regard for the teaching profession, concern for professional development, and continuous improvement as teachers.

The Secrets to Raising Smart Kids

The article titled â€Å"The Secrets to Raising Smart Kids†, by Carol S. Dweck has many key concepts and interesting points. Most of the people presume that outstanding and superior intelligence or ability is a key to success. More than three decades of research indicates that exaggeration on talent or intellect, and the idea that such traits are inborn, leaves people susceptible to failure, and uninterested to learn. (Scientific America: Psychology Reader, 2008, pg 69) According to a survey conducted by the author Carl S.  Dweck in the mid-1990s, â€Å"85 percent of parents believed that praising children’s ability or intelligence when they perform well is important for making them feel smart. However, the author’s work shows that praising a child’s intelligence makes a child fragile and defensive. † (Scientific America: Psychology Reader, 2008, pg 72) In a study published in 2007, the author and the two psychologists Lisa Blackwell and Kali H. Trzesniewski monitored 337 students for two years during the transition from junior to senior to determine how their mind- sets might affect their math grades. As what the researchers predicted, â€Å"the students with a growth mind -set felt that learning was a more important goal in school than getting good grades. The students who held a fixed mind -set were concerned about looking smart with little regard for learning. † (Scientific America: Psychology Reader, 2008, pg 72) The author suggests that if we encourage a growth mind-set in our schools and homes, we will give our children the support to succeed in their goals and to become a responsible workers and citizens. Teaching people to have growth mind-set, which encourages a focus n effort rather than on intelligence, produces high achievers in school and in life. Myers Discussion Chapter 10 of the textbook posted some questions about intelligence: Does each of us have an inborn general mental intelligence, and can we quantify this intelligence as a meaningful number? To what extent does it result from heredity rather than environment? According to David Myers, intelligence is a mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations. Since the mid-1980’s, some psychologists have sought to extend the definition of intelligence beyond Spearman’s and Thurstone’s academic smarts. â€Å"Howard Garner views intelligence as multiple abilities that come in packages†. (Myers, 2010, pg 407) Robert Sternberg agrees that there is more to success than traditional intelligence, and he agrees with Gardner’s idea of multiple intelligences. â€Å"However, he proposes a triarchic theory of three, not eight. They are analytical intelligence, creative intelligence, and practical intelligence†. (Myers, 2010, pg 411) The author David Myers discussed that intelligence test scores maybe misinterpreted as literal measures of a person’s worth and potential. He argued that we must remember the competence that general intelligence tests sample is important, but it only reflects one aspect of personal competence. Our practical and emotional intelligence are important too, as do the other forms of creativity, talent and character. Genetic and environmental influences shaped our intelligence, and thus there are many ways of being successful, our differences are variations of human adaptability. (Myers, 2010, pg 439) Relevance in My Life This article has a great relevance in my life. I took an advance math class last year on site, and I thought I will have a hard time with the subject. However, I realized my mind-set affected my math grade. I belong to a student with a growth mind-set. I believed that learning is more important in school than getting good grades. I was praised by my professor for my effort in asking questions after class, and I did not lose confidence when faced with the harder questions. I was not surprised that I got an A better than my classmates who have fixed mind-set. After all, I believe that I can expand my intellectual skills. According to David Myers, â€Å"challenges are energizing rather than intimidating. They offer opportunities to learn. Students with such a growth mind-set were destined for greater academic success and were quite likely to outperform their counterparts†. I am glad that I took this psychology class because I am learning a lot from this subject. I am planning to transmit a growth mind-set to my four-year old daughter by telling stories about achievements that result from hard work. I could also help my child provide explicit instruction regarding the mind as a learning machine. In this way, she will learn that intelligence can cover a wide area of things, and thus it can be earned, just like respect.

How Does Arthur Miller Use the Theme of Dreams to Convey the Hopes and Disappointments of Other Characters?

The theme of dreams plays a very important part in ‘Death of a Salesman’. They consist of ‘the American Dream’, daydreams and hopes for succeeding. Willy Loman was the main victim in this play as he ended up losing his life by trying to achieve the ‘American Dream’. Although, this dream was the main reason for Willy’s early death, this wasn’t something that he wanted to do; it was the dream that the American society wanted him to do. This dream is known as ‘The American Dream’ and it played an important role in disappointing the characters of Willy’s family.In the majority of the play, Willy Loman is seen to be following the American Dream. The American Dream is the idea that everyone can become successful, rich and popular in America, but this is mainly based on luck. Willy Loman tries to achieve this, but seeking this artificial happiness that was set by America only ended with his life being taken away. Throu ghout the entire play, Willy Loman was chasing this false dream that was given to him by the society surrounding him, but he never wanted to do this.He wanted to live in the country and support himself in the great outdoors, â€Å"Me and my boys in those grand outdoors† (Act 2), but this never worked out because of the American society, which made Willy forget about his true dream and forced him to spend his entire life chasing ‘the American Dream’ which in the end, brought him to an early death. Another theme of dreams that Arthur Miller used was ‘hopes and ambitions’. Willy’s flashbacks link to this theme as he has still not achieved his ambition to become successful; instead, Willy used his flashbacks to hide in the past where his life was cheerful and pleasant.A perfect example of this was at the beginning of the play where he said that his son, Biff was not achieving anything with his life, but then, he fell into a flashback where Biff wa s popular in school and was adored by everyone around him. Willy keeps on reminiscing this time because it shows that he was trying to use the past to cheer himself up when he was going through a hopeless time in the present. Hopes and ambition are very important because it showed that Willy ‘hoped’ to be well-liked which was the reason for him becoming a salesman because he thought this was the best job for an American.This theme links to the American Dream because Willy thought that being a salesman would make him rich and successful as it was the ‘best job’, but it didn’t, instead it was dictating and playing with his life. He told his two sons that, â€Å"Uncle Charley is liked, but not well-liked†. The reason for this was to prove to Biff and Happy that he was important to other people, but in Willy’s mind, he knew he would never be able to match the level of success of his brother, Ben and Charley achieved, instead Willy was livin g under their shadow leading him into another disappointment.The American Dream makes the Loman family very acquisitive, they think that buying the newest technology on the market is the best way of showing that they are rich and successful, for example, they bought a new refrigerator because â€Å"it had the best ads on them†. This sort of buying spree led the Lomans into severe debt and was one of the main sources to Willy’s death as he tried to pay off the debt by killing himself in the end.Arthur Miller also uses the name ‘Happy’ for the use of irony because the character is getting no real fulfilment from his work or life. â€Å"My own apartment, a car, plenty of women. And still, goddammit, I’m lonely†, this shows that goods cannot fill his soul therefore his happiness is limited. Arthur Miller added this type of character into the play because it shows us that the American Dream is not what we think it is, it is in fact added to show t hat money cannot buy happiness which is why Happy is lonely, leaving him disappointed with his life.However, Arthur Miller portrays Willy Loman as the main tragic hero because the American Dream has both mentally and physically destroyed Willy, causing his death at the end of the play. His obsession with success led him to his breaking point; all his ideas and views were twisted by the American Dream. For example, when Willy was playing cards with Charley, he kept on daydreaming about his brother Ben and how much of a great success he had become, Willy almost felt jealous of him because of that.The fact that he could’ve shared the wealth with him if he had gone on the journey also leaves Willy distraught. During the life of Willy Loman, he was seen as the tragic hero who could not reach the standards of the American Dream. In fact, he was so focused on achieving success; he failed to notice the love his family was showing him. Willy was so severely in debt, he had to kill him self to provide money for his family from his life insurance. This shows that the American Dream can make a normal human being kill themselves just to gain a little money.Arthur Miller also shows signs of hope in some parts of the play,† Sure, certain men just don’t get started till late in life. Like Thomas Edison, or B. F Goodrich. One of them was deaf. I’ll put my money on Biff†. Willy still has some sort of ‘hope’ that his older son, Biff, can still become a successful businessman. This reliance put Willy under a lot of pressure which eventually lead to his death because his son had multiple failures throughout the play. He died with a false belief that his son would become famous and well-liked (like he was) but we all knew this was never going to happen.There is also another theme used by Arthur Miller in ‘Death of a Salesman’ and it is ‘Dreams versus Reality’. The Lomans could not pick out the difference between what was a dream and what was reality; Willy suffered from this theory the most because he always dreamed that his two sons would be very successful in the future, but we knew this was never going to happen because Biff was still unemployed at the age of thirty-four and Happy hated his colleagues at work who were always one step ahead of him.This caused disappointments to them both in the end because they knew that Willy would never let them achieve their true dream which was to work in the outdoors, instead, they were forced to follow Willy’s false dream which was to pursue the success of a salesman. Willy Loman’s situation as a character is supposed to make the audience feel sorry for him because he is very hard-working and determined and yet, still cannot achieve any success. The American Dream has made him into a complete failure.The author of the play tells the audience that the American Dream is a lie and not everyone can achieve a good amount of success just fr om hard work, instead, it requires a certain amount of skill and intellect to become successful and in this play, it is shown that Willy does not have any skill or intellect which is why he cannot achieve the American Dream. The theme of dreams is very important ‘Death of a Salesman’ as they affect every character whether it is a daydream, the American Dream or one’s hopes.